Mixedwoods Part 3: The science and art of managing for complex mixedwood forests

Temperate forests with mixedwood compositions are common across central and eastern North America and provide a variety of ecosystem services and commodity-production benefits. Despite their abundance, silviculture in mixedwood stands is often challenged by problems with regeneration or recruitment of desired softwoods and different growth rates and longevities of component species. Here, we describe commonalities among temperate mixedwoods in central and eastern North America and present a framework for managing them.