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Understory

Evaluating Spruce-Fir Resilience

Abstract

Changing conditions, especially growing wildfire extent and frequency, may impact forests throughout the Western U.S. This fact sheet offers a summary of a study examining potential future changes in subalpine spruce-fir ecosystems throughout the Western U.S.
 

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Download (PDF 1.08MB): https://research.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/pnw-engelmann_spruce_subalpine_fir_ecosystem_resiliency_-_update_v1.pdf
subalpine fir forest disturbances fire ecosystem resilience engelmann spruce
Last updated December 17, 2025
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