Kurt W. Gottschalk, PhD

Treesearch Publications

• Randall Morin, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Michael E. Ostry, Andrew M. Liebhold. 2018. Regional patterns of declining butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) suggest site characteristics for restoration
• Gary Miller, Patrick Brose, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2017. Advanced Oak Seedling Development as Influenced by Shelterwood Treatments, Competition Control, Deer Fencing, and Prescribed Fire
• Michael B. Walters, Evan J. Farinosi, John L. Willis, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2016. Managing for diversity: harvest gap size drives complex light, vegetation, and deer herbivory impacts on tree seedlings
• Gary Miller, Patrick Brose, Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer, James Kochenderfer, Kurt W. Gottschalk, John R. Denning. 2016. Field test of foliar-spray herbicides to control mountain laurel in mature mixed-oak forests in western Maryland
• Katherine A. McManus, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2015. 26th USDA interagency research forum on invasive species
• John L. Willis, Michael B. Walters, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2015. Scarification and gap size have interacting effects on northern temperate seedling establishment
• Michael B. Walters, John L. Willis, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2014. Seedling growth responses to light and mineral N form are predicted by species ecologies and can help explain tree diversity
• Katherine A. McManus, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2014. 25th U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on invasive species [proceedings]
• Gary Miller, James Kochenderfer, Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2014. Ten-year response of competing vegetation after oak shelterwood treatments in West Virginia
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Gary Miller, Robert White, Andrea Hille, Thomas M. Schuler. 2014. Ten-year results of using oak Cleanings to maintain oak species dominance on the Allegheny National Forest
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Gary Miller, Robert L. White, Andrea Hille, Thomas M. Schuler. 2014. Evaluation of cleanings to maintain oak forests on the Allegheny National Forest
• Callie Schweitzer, Stacy Byrd, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Jeff Stringer, Robbie Sitzlar. 2014. Proactive restoration: planning, implementation, and early results of silvicultural strategies for increasing resilience against gypsy moth infestation in upland oak forests on the Daniel Boone National Forest, Kentucky
• Katherine A. McManus, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2013. 24TH USDA interagency research forum on invasive species; 2013 Jan
• Gary Miller, Thomas M. Schuler, Kurt W. Gottschalk, John R. Brooks, Shawn T. Grushecky, Ben D. Spong, James S., eds. Rentch. 2013. Abstracts from Proceedings, 18th Central Hardwood Forest Conference
• Gary Miller, Thomas M. Schuler, Kurt W. Gottschalk, John R. Brooks, Shawn T. Grushecky, Ben D. Spong, James S. Rentch. 2013. Poster abstracts from proceedings, 18th Central Hardwood Forest Conference
• Peter A. Williams, John W. McNeil, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Robert A. A. Haack. 2013. Managing an oak decline crisis in Oakville, Ontario: lessons learned
• Gary Miller, Thomas M. Schuler, Kurt W. Gottschalk, John R. Brooks, Shawn T. Grushecky, Ben D. Spong, James S., eds. Rentch. 2013. Proceedings, 18th Central Hardwood Forest Conference
• Katherine A. McManus, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2013. Proceedings, 23rd U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on invasive species 2012
• Joanne Rebbeck, Amy Scherzer, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2012. Do chestnut, northern red, and white oak germinant seedlings respond similary to light treatments? II. Gas exchange and chlorophyll responses
• Stephen F. Grayson, David S. Buckley, Jason G. Henning, Callie Schweitzer, Kurt W. Gottschalk, David L. Loftis. 2012. Understory light regimes following silvicultural treatments in central hardwood forests in Kentucky, USA
• Mary Ann Fajvan, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2012. The effects of silvicultural thinning and Lymantria dispar L. defoliation on wood volume growth of Quercus spp.
• Joanne Rebbeck, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Amy Scherzer. 2011. Do chestnut, northern red, and white oak germinant seedlings respond similarly to light treatments? Growth and biomass
• Katherine A. McManus, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2011. Proceedings, 22nd U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on invasive species 2011
• Callie Schweitzer, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Jeff W. Stringer, Stacy Byrd, David Loftis. 2011. Using silviculture to sustain upland oak forests under stress on the Daniel Boone National Forest, Kentucky
• Songlin Fei, John M. Lhotka, Jeffrey W. Stringer, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Gary Miller. 2011. Proceedings, 17th Central Hardwood Forest Conference
• Katherine A. McManus, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2010. Proceedings, 21st U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on invasive species 2010
• Cynthia Huebner, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Gary Miller, Patrick Brose. 2010. Restoration of three forest herbs in the Liliaceae family by manipulating deer herbivory and overstorey and understorey vegetation
• James S. Rentch, Gary Miller, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2009. Crown class dynamics of oaks, yellow-poplar, and red maple after commercial thinning in Appalachian hardwoods: 20-year results.
• Randall Morin, Andrew M. Liebhold, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2009. Anisotropic spread of hemlock woolly adelgid in the eastern United States
• Michael McManus, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2009. Evolution of a meeting: 20+ years of research communication and coordination
• Katherine A. McManus, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2009. Proceedings. 20th U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on invasive species 2009
• Michael Montgomery, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2009. Research and development program on host plant resistance to hemlock woolly adelgid
• Mary Ann Fajvan, Jim Rentch, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2009. The effects of thinning and gypsy moth defoliation on wood volume growth in oaks
• Katherine A. McManus, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2009. Proceedings 19th U.S. Department of Agriculture Interagency Research Forum on Invasive Species 2008
• Y. Balci, S. Balci, W.L. MacDonald, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2008. Foliar susceptibility of eastern oak species to Phytophthora infection
• Y. Balci, S. Balci, W.L. MacDonald, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2008. Relative susceptibility of oaks to seven species of Phytophthora isolated from oak forest soils
• Matthew P. Perkowski, John R. Brooks, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2008. Preliminary results of the FVS gypsy moth event monitor using remeasurement plot data from Northern West Virginia
• Patrick Brose, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Stephen Horsley, Peter Knopp, James Kochenderfer, Barbara McGuinness, Gary Miller, Todd Ristau, Scott H. Stoleson, Susan L. Stout. 2008. Prescribing regeneration treatments for mixed-oak forests in the Mid-Atlantic region
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2008. Proceedings, 18th U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2007
• Callie Jo Schweitzer, Stacy Clark, Glen Gaines, Paul Finke, Kurt W. Gottschalk, David Loftis. 2008. Integrating land and resource management plans and applied large-scale research on two national forests
• Gary Miller, Aaron T. Graves, Kurt W. Gottschalk, John E. Baumgras. 2008. Accuracy of tree grade projections for five Appalachian hardwood species
• Mary Ann Fajvan, Jim Rentch, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2008. The effects of thinning and gypsy moth defoliation on wood volume growth in oaks
• Naoto Kamata, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2007. Special feature: alien pests threatening biodiversity of forest ecosystems. Editorial.
• Y. Balci, S. Balci, J. Eggers, W.L. MacDonald, J. Juzwik, Robert P. Long, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2007. Phytophthora spp. associated with forest soils in eastern and north-central U.S. oak ecosystems
• Patrick Brose, Gary Miller, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2007. Reintroducing fire to the oak forests of Pennsylvania: response of striped maple
• Patrick Brose, Gary Miller, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2007. Survival of striped maple following spring prescribed fires in pennsylvania
• Susan L. Stout, Patrick Brose, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Gary Miller, Peter Knopp, Gary Rutherford, Mark Deibler, Gary Frank, Gary Gilmore. 2007. SILVAH-OAK: ensuring adoption by engaging users in the full cycle of forest research
• Randall Morin, Andrew M. Liebhold, Patrick Tobin, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Eugene Luzader. 2007. Spread of beech bark disease in the eastern United States and its relationship to regional forest composition
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Anthony W. Courter. 2007. The Gypsy Moth Event Monitor for FVS: a tool for forest and pest managers
• Mark H. Eisenbies, Christopher Davidson, James Johnson, Ralph Amateis, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2007. Tree mortality in mixed pine-hardwood stands defoliated by the European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.)
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2007. Proceedings, 17th U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2006
• Randall Morin, Andrew M. Liebhold, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Christopher W. W. Woodall, Daniel B. Twardus, Robert L. White, Stephen Horsley, Todd Ristau. 2006. Analysis of forest health monitoring surveys on the Allegheny National Forest (1998-2001)
• E. A. Chornesky, A. M. Bartuska, G. H. Aplet, J. Cummings-Carlson, F. W. Davis, J. Eskow, D. R. Gordon, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Robert A. A. Haack, A. J. Hansen, R. N. Mack, F. J. Rahel, M. A. Shannon, L. A. Wainger, T. B. Wigley. 2005. Science priorities for reducing the threat of invasive species
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2005. Proceedings, 16th U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2005
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2005. Proceedings, XV U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2004
• Randall Morin, Andrew M. Liebhold, Eugene R. Luzader, Andrew J. Lister, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Daniel B. Twardus. 2005. Mapping host-species abundance of three major exotic forest pests
• William McWilliams, Todd W. Bowersox, Patrick Brose, Daniel A. Devlin, James C. Finley, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Stephen Horsley, Susan L. King, Brian M. LaPoint, Tonya Lister, Larry H. McCormick, Gary Miller, Charles Scott, Harry Steele, Kim C. Steiner, Susan L. Stout, Jim Westfall, Robert L. White. 2005. Measuring Tree Seedlings and Associated Understory Vegetation in Pennsylvania's Forests
• Andrew M. Liebhold, Randall Morin, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Dan Twardus, Dan Twardus. 2005. The Biogeography of Beech Bark Disease Invasion of North America
• Fekedulegn Desta, J.J. Colbert, James S. Rentch, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2004. Aspect induced differences in vegetation, soil, and microclimatic characteristics of an Appalachian watershed
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Jim M. Guldin, Jimmie J. Colbert. 2004. Modeling Gypsy Moth-Related Tree Mortality Under Different Outbreak Scenarios in Interior Highlands Forests
• Gary Miller, James N. Kochenerfer, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2004. Effect of Pre-Harvest Shade Control and Fencing on Northern Red oak Seedling Development in the Central Appalachians
• Andrew M. Liebhold, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Jim M. Guldin, Rose-Marie Muzika. 2004. Gypsy Moth Defoliation Potential in the Ouachita/Ozark Highlands Region
• William McWilliams, Todd W. Bowersox, Patrick Brose, Daniel A. Devlin, James C. Finley, Stephen Horsley, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Tonya Lister, Larry H. McCormick, Gary Miller, Kim C. Steiner, Susan L. Stout, Jim Westfall, Robert L. White. 2004. Indicators of regenerative capacity for eastern hardwood forests
• J.J. Colbert, Michael Schuckers, Desta Fekedulegn, James Rentch, Mairtin MacSiurtain, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2004. Individual tree basal-area growth parameter estimates for four models
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2004. Proceedings, U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2003
• Gary Miller, Aaron T. Graves, Kurt W. Gottschalk, John E. Baumgras. 2004. Accuracy of Tree Grade Predictions for Five Appalachian Hardwood Species
• John Brown, Gary Miller, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2004. Effects of Alternative Thinning Treatments on Tree Grades at Three Upland Hardwood Sites in Kentucky and Ohio: 30 Year Results
• Randall Morin, Andrew M. Liebhold, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2004. Area-Wide Analysis of Hardwood Defoliator Effects on Tree Conditions in the Allegheny Plateau
• Andrew M. Liebhold, Randall Morin, Andrew J. Lister, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Eugene Luzader, Daniel Twardus. 2003. Mapping forest risk associated with the gypsy moth
• Andrew M. Liebhold, Randall Morin, Andrew J. Lister, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Eugene Luzader, Daniel Twardus. 2003. Mapping forest risk associated with the hemlock woolly adelgid
• Andrew M. Liebhold, Randall Morin, Andrew J. Lister, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Eugene Luzader, Daniel Twardus. 2003. Mapping forest risk associated with beech bark disease
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Randall Morin, Andrew M. Liebhold. 2003. Potential susceptibility of eastern forests to sudden oak death, Phytophthora ramorum
• Patrick Brose, Susan L. Stout, Gary Miller, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2003. SILVAH 5.1: developing interim guidelines for managing oak in Pennsylvania through multi-agency cooperation
• Sandra L. C. Fosbroke, Kurt W. Gottschalk, [Editors]. 2003. Proceedings, U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2002
• William McWilliams, Todd W. Bowersox, Patrick Brose, Daniel A. Devlin, James C. Finley, Stephen Horsley, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Susan L. King, Tonya Lister, Larry H. McCormick, Gary Miller, Charles Scott, Kim C. Steiner, Susan L. Stout, Jim Westfall, Robert L. White. 2003. Indicators of regenerative capacity for native broadleaf forests: a case study of ungulate overpopulation in the Eastern United States
• Randall Morin, Andrew M. Liebhold, Kurt W. Gottschalk, D.B. Twardus, R.E. Acciavatti, R.L. White, Stephen Horsley, W.D. Smith, Eugene Luzader. 2001. Forest health conditions on the Allegheny National Forest (1989-1999): Analysis of forest health monitoring surveys
• C.B. Davidson, J.E. Johnson, Kurt W. Gottschalk, R.L. Amateis. 2001. Prediction of stand susceptibility and gypsy moth defoliation in Coastal Plain mixed pine-hardwoods
• Sandra L.C. Fosbroke, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2001. Proceedings, U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2001
• Christopher B. Davidson, Kurt W. Gottschalk, James E. Johnson. 2001. European gypsy moth (lymantria dispar L.) outbreaks: a review of the literature
• Gary Miller, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Aaron T. Graves, John E. Baumgras, John E. Baumgras. 2001. The effect of silvicultural thinning on tree grade distributions of five hardwood species in West Virginia
• Sandra L. C. Fosbroke, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 2000. Proceedings, U. S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2000
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Rose-Marie Muzika, Mark Twery. 1999. Managing forests for gypsy moth (Lymanria dispar L.) using silviculture: Testing the effectiveness of silvicultural treatments in reducing defoliation and mortality
• Christopher B. Davidson, Kurt W. Gottschalk, James E. Johnson. 1999. Tree mortality following defoliation by the European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) in the United States: a review
• R.M. Muzika, Andrew M. Liebhold, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1998. Effects of management on gypsy moth dynamics and impact: an eight-year study
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, J.J. Colbert, D.L. Feicht. 1998. Tree mortality risk of oak due to gypsy moth
• Andrew M. Liebhold, Rose-Marie Muzika, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1998. Does thinning affect gypsy moth dynamics?
• Sandra L.C. Fosbroke, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1998. Proceedings, U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency gypsy moth research forum 1998
• Rose-Marie Muzika, Andrew M. Liebhold, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1997. Silvicultural methods of Lymantria dispar L. management: effects on Agrilus bilineatus (Weber) populations
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Philip M. Wargo. 1997. Oak decline around the world
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1997. Stem quality of oak in 15-year-old stands: influence of species within harvesting treatment and fencing
• Andrew M. Liebhold, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Douglas A. Mason, Renate Bush. 1997. Forest susceptibility to the gypsy moth
• Sandra L. C. Fosbroke, Kurt W. Gottschalk, [Editors]. 1997. Proceedings, U. S. Department of Agriculture interagency gypsy moth research forum 1996; 1996 January 16-19; Annapolis, MD.
• Sandra L.C. Fosbroke, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1997. Proceedings, US Department of Agriculture interagency gypsy moth research forum 1997
• Andrew M. Liebhold, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Eugene R. Luzader, Renate Bush, Daniel B. Twardus. 1997. Gypsy moth in the United States: an atlas
• Chris Nowak, Susan L. Stout, John Brissette, Laura S. Kenefic, Gary Miller, William Leak, Daniel Yaussy, Thomas M. Schuler, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1997. Defining the role of silvicultural research in the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station
• Rose-Marie Muzika, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1995. Gypsy moth role in forest ecosystems: the good, the bad, and the indifferent
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Rose-Marie Muzika. 1995. Defoliation and mortality patterns in forests silviculturally managed for gypsy moth
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1995. Using silviculture to improve health in northeastern conifer and eastern hardwood forests
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Sandra L.C., eds. Fosbroke. 1995. Proceedings, 10th Central Hardwood Forest Conference
• Sandra L. C. Fosbroke, Kurt W. Gottschalk, [Editors]. 1995. Proceedings, U. S. Department of Agriculture interagency gypsy moth research forum 1995; 1995 January 17-20; Annapolis, MD
• Andrew M. Liebhold, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Rose-Marie Muzika, Michael Montgomery, Regis Young, Kathleen O'Day, Brooks Kelley. 1995. Suitability of North American tree species to gypsy moth: a summary of field and laboratory tests.
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, W. Russ MacFarlane. 1994. Using silviculture to increase forest health: a national forest/research/state and private demonstration area
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1994. Shade, leaf growth, and crown development of Quercus rubra, Q. velutina, Prunus serotina, and Acer rubrum seedlings
• T. Scott Byington, Kurt W. Gottschalk, James B. McGraw. 1994. Within-population variation in response of red oak seedlings to herbivory by gypsy moth larvae
• Sandra L. C. Fosbroke, Kurt W. Gottschalk, [Editors]. 1994. Proceedings, U. S. Department of Agriculture Interagency gypsy moth research forum 1994; 1994 January 18-21; Annapolis, MD
• Stephen Horsley, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1993. Leaf area and net photosynthesis during development of Prunus serotina seedlings
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1993. Silvicultural guidelines for forest stands threatened by the gypsy moth
• Sandra L. C. Fosbroke, Kurt W. Gottschalk, [Editors]. 1993. Proceedings, U. S. Department of Agriculture interagency gypsy moth research forum 1993; 1993 January 19-22; Annapolis, MD.
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Russ W. MacFarlane. 1993. Photographic guide to crown condition of oaks: use for gypsy moth silviculture
• Ray R., Jr. Hicks, Robert M. Fultineer, Barbara S. Ware, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1993. Susceptibility of regeneration in clearcuts to defoliation by gypsy moth
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1993. Oak silviculture, management, and defoliation effects in France and Germany
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Mark Twery, [Editors]. 1992. Proceedings U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency gypsy moth research forum 1991; 1991 January 14-17; Annapolis, MD.
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Mark Twery, [Editors]. 1992. Proceedings U. S. Department of Agriculture Interagency gypsy moth research forum 1992; 1992 January 13-16; Annapolis, MD.
• D.E. Fosbroke, R.R. Hicks, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1991. Predicting tree mortality following gypsy moth defoliation
• D.M. Hix, D.E. Fosbroke, R.R., Jr. Hicks, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1991. Development of regeneration following gypsy moth defoliation of Appalachian Plateau and Ridge & Valley hardwood stands
• Larry H. McCormick, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1991. Proceedings, 8th Central Hardwood Forest Conference
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1991. Using silviculture to minimize gypsy moth impacts
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1991. Does previous stand management influence gypsy moth-related mortality?
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1991. Gypsy moth impacts on oak acorn production
• James B. McGraw, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1991. Interactive effects of defoliation and low resource levels on photosynthesis, growth, and gypsy moth larval response to red oak seedlings
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Mark Twery, Shirley I. Smith, [Editors]. 1991. Proceedings, U. S. Department of Agriculture interagency gypsy moth research review 1990
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1990. Gypsy moth effects on mast production
• Mark Twery, Garland N. Mason, Philip M. Wargo, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1990. Abundance and distribution of rhizomorphs of Armillaria spp. in defoliated mixed oak stands in western Maryland
• James B. McGraw, Kurt W. Gottschalk, Milan C. Vavrek, A.L. Chester. 1990. Interactive effects of resource availabilities and defoliation on photosynthesis, growth, and mortality of red oak seedlings
• Kurt W. Gottschalk, Mark Twery. 1989. Gypsy moth impacts in pine-hardwood mixtures
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1989. Effects of previous stand management on mortality following gypsy moth defoliation: preliminary results
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1989. Using silviculture to minimize gypsy moth impacts
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1987. Effects of shading on growth and development of northern red oak, black oak, black cherry, and red maple seedlings. II. biomass partitioning and prediction
• David A. Gansner, Owen W. Herrick, Garland N. Mason, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1987. Coping with the gypsy moth on new frontiers of infestation
• Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1985. Effects of shading on growth and development of northern red oak, black oak, black cherry, and red maple seedlings. I. height, diameter, and root/shoot ratio
• N.D. Nelson, D.I. Dickmann, Kurt W. Gottschalk. 1982. Autumnal photosynthesis in short-rotation intensively cultured Populus clones

• Michigan State University, Ph.D., Tree Physiology, 1984
• Michigan State University, M.S., Silviculture and Forest Ecology, 1976
• Iowa State University, B.S., Forestry, 1974