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Species Review

Taraxacum officinale, common dandelion

Written
February, 1993
Contributors
Lora L. Esser - 1st Author

Esser, Lora L. 1993. Taraxacum officinale, common dandelion. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/taroff

DOI
10.2737/feis-species-review-taroff

AbbreviationCommon NameScientific NameClassificationStatus
Plants
TAROFFcommon dandelionTaraxacum officinaleLife Form: Plants/Forb
Kingdom: Plantae
Class: Dicot
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Taraxacum		Fed. Protected: No
Nativity: Nonnative
Invasiveness: Invasive

Taxonomy

The currently accepted scientific name for common dandelion is Taraxacum officinale Weber [134]. There are no recognized subspecies, varieties, or forms.

Synonyms

  • No entry

Other Common Names

dandelion

General Distribution

Common dandelion is of Eurasian origin but has become naturalized throughout the United States. It occurs in all 50 states, almost all Canadian provinces, and Mexico [62,126].

States and Provinces

  • United States: AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY
  • Canada: AB BC MB NB NF NT NS ON PQ SK YT
  • Mexico

Site Characteristics

Common dandelion tolerates a wide range of site and soil conditions, but it most commonly occurs in disturbed areas such as cut-over or burned forests, avalanche areas, overgrazed ranges, and marshy floodplains [54,133]. It also occurs sites on highway and railroad rights-of-way, waste places, old fields, pastures, and lawns [114,126].

Common dandelion occurs on soils that vary from thin layers above permafrost in the subarctic to deep loams in the western United States [37,114]. Soil texture ranges from clays and clayey loams to sandy loams. Common dandelion does poorly on dense clay soils, saline soils, and acidic soils [37].

Common dandelion occurs on flat to rolling topography or moderate to steep slopes [27,37]. It is found from sea level to high alpine elevations [126]. Regional elevational distributions are as follows [27,37,99]:

StateElevation (ft)Elevation (m)
Utah4,100-11,3001,250-3,445
Colorado4,500-13,5001,372-4,115
Wyoming4,100- 9,6001,250-2,926
Montana2,900- 9,200884-2,804
Washington2,574- 2,722780-825
Oregon7,095- 7,9202,150-2,400
Alberta4,323- 6,3361,310-1,920

Plant Communities

Common dandelion is an indicator species in ruderal vegetation types in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Washington [51,137]. See the Appendix for plant communities and cover types in which subterranean Indian breadroot may occur.

Common shrubs, grasses, and forbs associated with common dandelion include common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii), russet buffalo berry (Shepherdia canadensis), blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), black sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula nova), Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis), Oregon-grape (Mahonia repens), rough fescue (Festuca scabrella), Idaho fescue (F. idahoensis), slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus), prairie Junegrass (Koeleria cristata), timber danthonia (Danthonia intermedia), Richardson's needlegrass (Stipa richardsonii), timothy (Phleum pratense), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), aster (Aster spp.), willowweed (Epilobium spp.), prairiesmoke avens (Geum triflorum), small-leaf angelica (Angelica pinnata), Colorado columbine (Aquilegia caerula), rhexia-leaved paintbrush (Castilleja leonardii), Oregon fleabane (Erigeron speciousus), wallflower (Erysimum elatum), one-flower helianthella (Helianthella uniflora), Utah peavine (Lathyrus utahensis), and Richardson geranium (Geranium richardsonii) [32,83,117,124,129].

Botanical Description

Common dandelion is an introduced, cool-season, perennial forb [140]. It has a thick taproot up to 6 inches (15.2 cm) long [135]. Stems are very short and wholly underground, producing a rosette of leaves at the ground surface. Leaves are 2 to 16 inches (5-40 cm) long [134]. The flower heads are solitary at the end of naked, hollow stalks. Stalks can reach heights up to 2 feet (60 cm) [126,135]. One head contains from 100 to 300 flowers [126]. Seeds of common dandelion are topped by a parachute of bristles that aid in dissemination [55].

Common dandelion forms vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations [15,37].

Raunkiaer Life Form (Raunkiaer 1934)

  • Hemicryptophyte

Seasonal Development

Common dandelion is one of the earliest spring bloomers on western rangelands [134]. It flowers from March to late fall in most states and will flower throughout the year in warmer areas [126]. General first flowering dates are from April 28 to May 19, and sometimes earlier in some locations [116]. By mid-June, common dandelion has reached its maximum bloom stage, and the seeds from earlier flowering dates are mostly disseminated. By mid-July, all seeds are disseminated [40].

Reported dates for anthesis in some states are as follows [16,37,100]:

StateDates
UtahApril-July
ColoradoApril-August
WyomingMay-August
MontanaApril-September
North DakotaApril-June
VirginiaFebruary-June
GeorgiaFebruary-June
MississippiFebruary-June
TennesseeFebruary-June
KentuckyFebruary-June
IowaApril-June
AlbertaJune-July

Regeneration Processes

Common dandelion reproduces apomictically through parthenogenesis [62]. Plants develop from unfertilized gametes. Common dandelion is an aggressive seed producer and reproduces mainly from seed [42]. Seeds travel a considerable distance because of the parachuting effect produced by the spreading pappus. In a tallgrass prairie in Iowa, achenes of common dandelion were blown by the wind several hundred meters from the nearest source population [98].

Common dandelion creates a long-lived seedbank [11,99]. In a seedbank of a ponderosa pine community in Washington, viable common dandelion seedlings emerged from litter and soil samples in greenhouse germination trials. Seed density of spring samples was 160 seeds per square yard (133 seeds/m sq) and of autumn samples was 60 seeds per square yard (50 seeds/m sq) [99]. Seeds of common dandelion were viable up to 5 years in soil samples from Montana [11]. Seed germination on a control plot in Wisconsin was inhibited by thick mulch. Light mulch that remained on a mowed plot also reduced germination [36]. Germination was highest on a burned plot [36].

Common dandelion sprouts from the caudex after disturbance [114,126].

Successional Status

Common dandelion is an important colonizer following vegetation disturbances in temperate climates throughout North America [85,99]. Although the role of common dandelion as an early seral species does not change, the length of time common dandelion populations are present varies among ecosystems. Common dandelion enters a disturbed community and rapidly becomes abundant. It may achieve a peak in dominance within 2 to 3 years [7,14]. Holland found common dandelion to be a transitory colonist of marsh habitats in Massachusetts; it was found for 10 years after the disturbance and then disappeared [53].

Common dandelion was one of the earliest colonizers after tree harvesting in a maple-beech-birch ecosystem in Michigan [32]. On an abandoned farmland in Arizona, common dandelion was one of the predominant species following winter precipitation [30]. Common dandelion was a pioneer species on a brine-killed forest site after elimination of brine discharge on the site in the spring of 1982 [7]. On a Douglas-fir clearcut in Colorado, common dandelion was a dominant species in the understory the second year after cutting but was not present in the initial community [7]. Common dandelion is not a member of the climax plant community on rangelands since it cannot withstand competition for moisture, nutrients, and light with the climax vegetation. It invades these areas after the preferred species have been removed by overgrazing [85].

Immediate Fire Effects

Fire likely top-kills common dandelion.

Postfire Regeneration Strategy (Stickney 1989)

  • Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
  • Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
  • Caudex, growing points in soil

Fire Adaptations

Common dandelion is a component of diverse ecosystems in boreal and temperate regions with variable fire regimes. Common dandelion is primarily adapted to fire through its prolific production of wind-dispersed seed [123]. Site colonization after fires occurs in many forested areas because of common dandelion's persistent, viable seed bank [1].

Plant Response to Fire

Common dandelion generally establishes during the first or second postfire year. It usually increases in frequency after fire [22,36,41]. One year after a spring burn (May 24, 1983) in Galena Gulch, Montana, common dandelion showed a 50 percent increase in frequency, but by the second year showed only a 47.5 percent increase over the prefire level [22].

Common dandelion increased in frequency following a fire in 1974 in a Scotch pine forest in Scotland, but by postfire year 4, frequency started to decrease. Maximum frequency occurred at 3 years after fire [119]. Common dandelion frequency was greater in burned than in unburned oak communities in Utah [74]. Following a prescribed fire in a Douglas-fir stand in south-central Idaho, common dandelion frequency increased significantly by postfire year 2. Prefire frequency was 8 percent; at postfire year 1 frequency was 4 percent; and at postfire year 2 frequency was 24 percent [78].

In the Hedges Mountain area of the Helena National Forest, Montana, a sagebrush/rough fescue habitat type was burned in spring (May) and fall (September). Prefire and postfire community types, as named by the dominant species, were compared. Following the spring burn, bluegrass and common dandelion were the dominant species during both postfire years 1 and 2. Following the fall burn, the dominant species during postfire year 1 were bluegrass, mountain brome (Bromus marginatus), and common dandelion. By postfire year 2, common dandelion was no longer a dominant; the site was dominated by bluegrass, Wood's rose, and common snowberry [109].

A fire on June 28, 1977 in Montana in a rough fescue community minimally disrupted reproduction and carbohydrate production of common dandelion. Its frequency increased slightly on burned sites by the summer of 1978 [6].

In the timbered breaks along the Missouri River in central Montana, common dandelion was favored by big game animals every postfire year except year 28. At postfire year 17 common dandelion was found at high frequencies. First peak in frequency occurred at postfire year 4 [41].

On ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir communities in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon, common dandelion cover and frequency were higher on unburned control sites than on prescribed burned, thinned, or thinned-and-burned sites. Common dandelion was determined to be an indicator species for unburned sites (P≤0.05). For further information on the effects of thinning and burning treatments on common dandelion and 48 other species, see the Research Project Summary of Youngblood and others' [141] study.

Lyon's Research Paper, Hamilton's Research Papers (Hamilton 2006a, Hamilton 2006b), and the following Research Project Summaries also provide information on prescribed fire use and postfire response of many plant species including common dandelion:

  • Effects of fall and spring prescribed burning in sagebrush steppe in east-central Oregon
  • Understory recovery after low- and high-intensity fires in northern Idaho ponderosa pine forests
  • Vegetation response to restoration treatments in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana
  • Vegetation changes following prescription fires in quaking aspen stands of Colorado's Front Range
  • Effects of surface fires in a mixed red and eastern white pine stand in Michigan

Fire Regimes

For fire regime information, search FEIS for this species by entering the species name or acronym on the home page and selecting “Fire Regime” as the publication type.

Fire Management Considerations

Late spring burning in the tallgrass prairies of Kansas reduced common dandelion cover compared with burning at earlier dates. In shortgrass prairies of western Kansas, common dandelion was less affected by dormant season (fall and winter) burns than by spring burns [20]. Burning to decrease cover of common dandelion on rangelands should be done in the spring after growth initiation. Annual burning in March or November in Nebraska resulted in the highest total cover of common dandelion. Burning in April decreased cover [46].

Following logging, bulldozing, and slash burning, common dandelion will establish in the open spots [14].

Common dandelion competes with tree seedlings on burned sites. Grasses aerially seeded on burns may compete with and displace common dandelion. After 4 to 5 years of grass seeding on sites in Montana common dandelion populations eventually decreased [14].

Federal Status

None

Other Status

No entry.

Importance to Wildlife and Livestock

Common dandelion is a preferred food of domestic sheep grazing on mountain meadows [83] and is readily eaten by cattle on rough fescue (Festuca scabrella) prairies in Alberta [38]. Common dandelion is commonly eaten in the spring by sharp-tailed grouse [89]. It is a minor component of bighorn sheep diets in the Upper Yellowstone Valley [63] and is an important food for pocket gophers on mountain grasslands of Colorado [132]. Common dandelion is an important source of nectar and pollen for bees in Alaska [96]. Common dandelion is consumed by deer and elk in the spring, summer, and fall in meadows of the Rocky Mountains [73].

In Yellowstone National Park, common dandelion is an important food for grizzly bears in summer. Peak use in in June [82]. Leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers were found in grizzly and black bear scats in Glacier National Park [65].

In Alberta, black bears browse on earlier phenological stages of common dandelion (spring and early summer) because of the higher nutrient quality. Common dandelion is one of the dominant species found in spring bear scats [52].

During prenesting through incubation of greater prairie chicken broods (April-May) on the Sheyenne National Grasslands in North Dakota, common dandelion flowers were one of the primary diet items. Individual fecal samples contained up to 96 percent common dandelion flowers during April and May [106].

Common dandelion is one of the favored foods of sage grouse in the spring, summer, and fall in Nevada. Of all meadow forbs consumed, common dandelion contributed 82 percent to spring forb diets [40,67].

In British Columbia, deer consumed common dandelion at significantly higher (P<0.05) rates on harvested lodgepole pine sites than on unharvested sites [28].

Palatability and Nutritional Value

Common dandelion is more palatable to wildlife and livestock in prebloom stages than in postbloom stages [81]. It is poor to fair in palatability on ponderosa pine sites throughout the West [85].

Palatability ratings for common dandelion from selected western states are as follows [37]:

SpeciesUtahColoradoWyomingMontanaNorth Dakota
CattleGoodGoodFairFairGood
Domestic sheepGoodGoodGoodGoodGood
HorsesGoodGoodFairGoodGood
ElkGood—GoodGood—
Mule deerGood—GoodFairFair
White-tailed deer——GoodFairFair
PronghornGood—GoodGoodFair
Upland game birdsGood—GoodGoodGood
WaterfowlFair—Poor—Good
Small nongame birdsFair—FairFairFair
Small mammalsGood—FairFairFair

Protein content of dandelion exceeds the minimum requirement needed for body maintenance for deer in ponderosa pine communities [94]. Common dandelion meets the nutritional requirements of beef cattle in Alberta [16]. Protein and manganese content increase from early June to early July, when it is harvested on ranges in Alberta. By late September, protein content decreases significantly [16].

Chemical composition (in percent) of common dandelion from an irrigated pasture during 1986 was as follows [16]:

NutrientJune 3July 7September 24Average
Acid detergent fiber28.122.425.825.4
Crude protein13.822.814.717.1
Ca1.211.551.611.46
P0.300.480.290.36
Mg0.310.470.500.43
K2.582.242.462.43

Cover Value

No entry.

Value for Rehabilitation or Restoration of Disturbed Sites

Common dandelion has low short-term and long-term revegetation potential on disturbed sites. Erosion-control potential is low [37].

Other Uses

The Gwich'in Athabaskan Indians of Fort Yukon, Alaska frequently eat the leaves of common dandelion in salads or boil and eat them [54]. Roots of common dandelion can be ground and used as a mild laxative or to treat heartburn. Tea and wine can be made from flowers [140].

Other Management Considerations

Common dandelion is an invader species that commonly inhabits overgrazed rangelands [85]. Common dandelion availability for deer decreases on cattle-grazed sites [7].

Common dandelion meets the nutritional requirements of beef cattle and is readily grazed by them [16]. Producers may want to control common dandelion in irrigated pastures to restrict seed movement to adjacent land where common dandelion may be undesirable [16].

Common dandelion is a threat in upper forest and alpine zones of western Montana because of its ability to invade little disturbed or undisturbed native vegetation through seed dispersal [133]. In Montana, common dandelion seedlings compete with conifer seedlings on forest sites. Grass seeding on these sites will eventually decrease the common dandelion population in 4 to 5 years [14].

Clearcuts and thinning of forests stimulates common dandelion production. Sage grouse and deer populations benefit from increased production of common dandelion [10]. Sage grouse habitat loss due to development and postdevelopment land use can be minimized by regulation of livestock on important adjacent nondeveloped lands [10].

Common dandelion can be readily controlled with 2,4-D. It is most effective to spray in early spring before first bloom. Sites should not be mown for 3 to 5 days before spraying or 1 to 2 days after [92].

Strip spraying in Idaho in relatively high annual precipitation (13 inches [33 cm]) areas benefits sage grouse brood-rearing habitat due to quick recovery of common dandelion and other forbs. Average cover of common dandelion in sprayed areas was 17.2 percent, whereas average cover in nonsprayed areas was 11.2 percent [23].

A decrease in the population of common dandelion occurs where pocket gophers are present. When gophers were removed, common dandelion population increased by 50 percent in 2 years on mountain grasslands and meadows of Colorado, Utah, and Oregon [42].

Table A1— Forest and range ecosystems, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) physiographic regions, Kuchler plant associations, Society for American Foresters (SAF) forest cover types, and Society for Rangeland Management (SRM) rangeland cover types in which this species occurs.

Forest and Range Ecosystems (Garrison et al. 1977)

  • FRES10 White - red - jack pine
  • FRES11 Spruce - fir
  • FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
  • FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
  • FRES14 Oak - pine
  • FRES15 Oak - hickory
  • FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
  • FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
  • FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
  • FRES19 Aspen - birch
  • FRES20 Douglas-fir
  • FRES21 Ponderosa pine
  • FRES22 Western white pine
  • FRES23 Fir - spruce
  • FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
  • FRES25 Larch
  • FRES26 Lodgepole pine
  • FRES27 Redwood
  • FRES28 Western hardwoods
  • FRES29 Sagebrush
  • FRES30 Desert shrub
  • FRES32 Texas savanna
  • FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
  • FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
  • FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
  • FRES36 Mountain grasslands
  • FRES37 Mountain meadows
  • FRES38 Plains grasslands
  • FRES39 Prairie
  • FRES40 Desert grasslands
  • FRES41 Wet grasslands
  • FRES42 Annual grasslands
  • FRES44 Alpine

BLM Physiographic Regions (Bernard and Brown 1977)

  • 1 Northern Pacific Border
  • 2 Cascade Mountains
  • 3 Southern Pacific Border
  • 4 Sierra Mountains
  • 5 Columbia Plateau
  • 6 Upper Basin and Range
  • 7 Lower Basin and Range
  • 8 Northern Rocky Mountains
  • 9 Middle Rocky Mountains
  • 10 Wyoming Basin
  • 11 Southern Rocky Mountains
  • 12 Colorado Plateau
  • 13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
  • 14 Great Plains
  • 15 Black Hills Uplift
  • 16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands

Kuchler Plant Associations (Kuchler 1964)

  • Widely distributed, occurs in most types within its range

SAF Cover Types (Eyre 1980)

  • Widely distributed, occurs in most types within its range

SRM Rangeland Cover Types (Shiflet 1994)

  • No entry

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