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Species Review

Actaea rubra, red baneberry

Written
April, 1990
Contributors
M. F. Crane - 1st Author

Crane, M. F. 1990. Actaea rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/actrub

AbbreviationCommon NameScientific NameClassificationStatus
Plants
ACTRUBred baneberryActaea rubraLife Form: Plants/Forb
Kingdom: Plantae
Class: Dicot
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Actaea		Fed. Protected: No
Nativity: Native
Invasiveness: Noninvasive

A leafy green plant growing in dappled sun with a cluster of red berries at the end of the stem.
Photo Credit: Photo by Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org
Red baneberry, Ontario, Canada.

Taxonomy

The currently accepted scientific name of red baneberry is Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. [32,38,40,57,67]. In the past there has been disagreement over how the closely related members of this genus should be recognized. Within the species, two subspecies, ssp. arguta and ssp. rubra, are sometimes defined [40]. Many authors do not consider subspecies designation necessary [32,38,57,67]. Subspecies will not be considered separately here.

Synonyms

No entry.

Other Common Names

cohosh, red cohosh, necklaceweed, snakeberry, poison de couleuvre

General Distribution

Red baneberry is found in moist woods in the Northern Temperate Zone of North America and Eurasia [57,59]. Its range in western North America extends from Alaska south through the Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada in California through the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and New Mexico. It is distributed transcontinentally across northern North America from the West Coast to New England and Labrador. In the East and Midwest, it reaches its southern limits in New Jersey, Indiana, Iowa, and Kansas [32,38,57,72].

States and Provinces

  • United States: AK AZ CA CO CT HI ID IN IA KS ME MA MI MN MT NE NH NJ NM NY ND OH OR PA RI SD UT VT WA WV WI WY
  • Canada: AB BC LB MB NB NF NS ON PE PQ

Site Characteristics

Red baneberry grows best on cool, moist, nutrient-rich sites [6,13,20,34,51,62]. Along the West Coast, these sites are moister and richer than mesic and mesotrophic [62,77]. In the dense forest areas of southeastern Alaska red baneberry grows on open streambanks and in meadows [74]. In British Columbia it grows under spruce, spruce and black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), or spruce, subalpine fir, and aspen (Populus tremuloides) forests with black twinberry (Lonicera involucrata), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis), and horsetails (Equisetum spp.) [36,62]. On the west slope of the Rocky Mountains in Washington, it grows with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in river canyons extending out into the grasslands [78]. In Oregon it is identified as an indicator of moist sites with cold soil temperatures [28,52]. In the South Umpqua River Basin of southwestern Oregon, it is found only on such sites [52]. In Oregon it may also be found in seepage, marshy, and other moist areas with red alder (Alnus rubra), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), vine maple (A. circinatum), and sedges (Carex spp.) [4]. In the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon and California, it occurs at middle elevations, from 3,950 to 5,950 feet (1,200-1,800 m) on diorite soils under relatively open stands dominated by Douglas-fir and white fir (Abies concolor) [80]. It also extends to high-elevation sites dominated by red fir (A. magnifica) [6]. It is tolerant of low light intensity in the coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) region [77].

In the northern Rocky Mountains it is an understory species in moist and very moist subalpine forests and riparian areas [8,26,64,71,76,83,84]. It appears to grow equally well on north and south exposures [55]. In the Rocky Mountain subalpine fir forests of eastern Washington and Idaho it is only found with the moist-site shrubs and herbs that Daubenmire and Daubenmire [19] called the "Pachistima union" [28]. In Alberta it grows under climax white spruce (Picea glauca) in valleys and lower slopes [53]. Red baneberry is a dominant herb in very moist aspen stands in the Black Hills [66]. In Utah it can be found in mountain brush, willow-birch (Betula spp.), aspen, Douglas-fir, limber pine (Pinus flexilis), subalpine fir, and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) communities [79]. In the southern Rocky Mountains of New Mexico, red baneberry grows in corkbark fir (A. lasiocarpa var arizonica) and Engelmann spruce forests with Senecio sanguisorboides, twinberry, wolf currant (Ribes wolfii), and gooseberry currant (R. montigenum) [22]. Other plants frequently associated with it in the Rocky Mountains include pachistima (Pachistima myrsinites), baldhip rose (Rosa gymnocarpa), woods rose (R. woodsii), narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia), aspen, blue spruce (Picea pungens), grand fir (Abies grandis), blue huckleberry (Vaccinium globulare), thinleaf alder (Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia), willows (Salix spp.), redosier dogwood (Cornus sericea), black twinberry, Drummond willow (Salix drummondiana), sweetscented bedstraw (Galium triflorum), western meadowrue (Thalictrum occidentale), starry solomon plume (Smilacina stellata), and mountain bluebells (Mertensia ciliata).

In Minnesota baneberry (Actaea spp.) grows on a wide range of sites but prefers partial to full shade and moderately moist, nutrient-rich soils [9]. Red baneberry is not one of the most important herbs, but it is scattered throughout red and white pine (Pinus resinosa and P. strobus) forests and forests dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and other hardwoods from Minnesota to New England [11,17,18,69]. In Wisconsin where its range overlaps that of white baneberry (Actaea pachypoda), red baneberry's presence is highest in boreal forest, while white baneberry is more common in mesic, northern Wisconsin, mixed-hardwood forests [15]. In the Saint Lawrence Valley it is normally restricted to climax or near climax forest [16]. In northeastern Saskatchewan it is found near lake and stream margins with willows, sedges, and reedgrass (Calamagrostis spp.) [5].

In Colorado and Utah red baneberry's growth is fair to good on sandy loam, loam and clay loam soils and poor to fair on gravel, sand, clay, and dense clay [21]. Its growth is best on organic and acidic soils that are at least 20 inches (51 cm) deep and poor on saline or sodic soils [21].

Elevational ranges in some western regions are [13,21,37,57]:

StateMinimum (feet)Minimun (m)Maximum (feet)Maximum (m)
Alberta1,6505004,9001,500
CaliforniaSea levelSea level10,0003,048
Colorado7,0002,13411,5003,505
Montana4,5001,3726,6002,012
New Mexico8,0002,4389,5002,896
Utah4,5001,37210,0003,048
Wyoming4,5001,37212,3003,750

Plant Communities

Presence of red baneberry frequently indicates moist sites [35,75]. In British Columbia's subboreal spruce (Picea glauca x engelmannii) zone, its presence may differentiate seral stages of the spruce/devil's club (Oplopanax horridus) ecosystem from other seral, mesic spruce ecosystems [33]. Publications listing red baneberry as an indicator or dominant part of vegetation in community types (cts), habitat types (hts), plant associations (pas), forest ecosystem associations (eas), or riparian site types (rst) are listed below:

  • Coniferous forest habitat types of northern Utah [51].
  • Forest habitat types of eastern Idaho-western Wyoming [70].
  • Forest habitat types of Montana [60].

Botanical Description

Red baneberry is a deciduous, perennial herb, usually from 1 to 3 feet (4-10 dm) tall with one to several branched stems [37,38]. Perennating tissue appears to be a vertical caudex just under the soil surface [Stickney, P., pers. comm. 1990] but has also been described as a rootstock [37,38] or a rhizome [72]. The leaves are alternate, two to three times compound, sharply toothed and lobed.

A leafy green plant growing in dappled sun with a cluster of red berries at the end of the stem.
Photo Credit
Photo by Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org

Red baneberry, Ontario, Canada.

The flowers have small white petals, showy stamens, and a roselike fragrance [59]. Flowers are borne in a terminal or axillary raceme and pollinated by a variety of insects [59]. These flowers can be self-fertile, although they are not capable of apomixis [59]. In Michigan the most common pollinator is an introduced beetle (Phyllobius oblongus), which uses the inflorescences as mating sites and does not ingest the pollen. Fruit set is normally close to 100 percent [59]. The fruits are showy, poisonous, red or occasionally white berries [38,58]. Each berry contains 9 to 16 red-brown, sector-shaped seeds 0.1 to 1.5 inches (3-4 mm) long [32,72].

Raunkiaer Life Form (Raunkiaer 1934)

  • Geophyte

Seasonal Development

In Minnesota forests, the leaves and flowers of red baneberry appear in the first 3 weeks of the growing season, and the leaves begin to wither and die by midsummer [17]. Across its range, red baneberry blooms from May to July and fruits from August to October [27]. In Michigan, flowering began between the May 20 and 30 and lasted 10 to 20 days. Where red baneberry grows with white baneberry (A. pachypoda), it always begins blooming 3 to 5 days earlier [59]. In New England flowering is from May 9 to June 10 [67]. In northern Idaho flowering is from May to July [58,76]. In Utah and North Dakota flowering begins in May and ends by late June or early July, while in Colorado, Montana, and Wyoming, bloom begins in June and ends in August [21].

Regeneration Processes

The seed of red baneberry requires a dormant period and usually takes 2 years to germinate [86]. During a laboratory study of seed collected in the fall, germination began 243 days following sowing. Only 8.8 percent of the seeds germinated; survival was 50 percent in the sun and 64.3 percent in the shade [61]. Seedling growth was good in both sun and shade. While survival was better in the shade, seedlings in the sun were slightly larger and had more biomass allocated to roots [61]. Seedlings begin to bloom in their third year [86].

The fruit appears to be adapted to bird dispersal, although in the only recent study of fruit use, insect and small mammal predation of seeds was higher than use of the pulp by birds. Fruit color did not seem to be related to the amount of insect predation, fruit weight, number of fruits per stem, or seeds per fruit; however, nocturnal use of white fruit was higher [81]. Chipmunks may bury the seed [87].

Successional Status

Facultative Seral Species

Throughout its range, red baneberry is found in both early seral and mature forests [11,15,16,18,36,53,62,69,77]. Results of a study in southwestern Oregon indicated that red baneberry cover was similar at light levels ranging from full sunlight to less than 3.5 percent of full sunlight [23]. In northern Idaho the amount of tree cover does not appear to affect the frequency of red baneberry [55]. Red baneberry plants generally are scattered so that changes in population size over time are difficult to measure. Results of a north-central Idaho study in a grand fir/pachistima habitat type indicated that red baneberry had higher cover values in early succession, although it was still present in near-climax stands [85].

Immediate Fire Effects

Fire generally kills aboveground portions of red baneberry. The caudex appears to survive many fires, although information on the effects of differing fire severities is lacking.

Postfire Regeneration Strategy (Stickney 1989)

  • Caudex, growing points in soil
  • Secondary colonizer - off-site seed

Fire Adaptations

Red baneberry is a perennial herb with a thick caudex that is buried in the soil [14,42,85]. It frequently grows in moist microsites where fire severity and frequency may be lower [14,42].

Plant Response to Fire

During a study of early postfire recovery using the same plots over time, red baneberry sprouted, grew vigorously, and produced fruit the first year after fire. However, no seedlings were observed during the next 5 years [14,42]. Permanent plots were used to follow recovery after the Sundance fire in northern Idaho [73]; here seedlings of red baneberry were found in the fifteenth postfire growing season [Peter Stickney, pers. comm. 1990]. In British Columbia's subboreal spruce zone, cover of red baneberry increased in first year plots following either fire or mechanical site preparation [33]. Following clearcutting and burning in north-central Idaho, red baneberry had higher cover values in first and third year plots [85]. A northern Idaho study found little difference between red baneberry cover on undisturbed sites, piled and burned sites, and sites with single or multiple broadcast burns [56].

Hamilton's Research Papers (Hamilton 2006a, Hamilton 2006b) provide information on many plant species, including red baneberry, that was not available when this species review was originally written.

Fire Regimes

For fire regime information, search FEIS for this species by entering the species name or acronym on the home page and selecting “Fire Regime” as the publication type.

Fire Management Considerations

No entry.

Federal Status

None.

Other Status

No entry.

Importance to Wildlife and Livestock

Red baneberry's overall importance to livestock and wildlife is low, since it is not normally abundant. In Montana, elk utilize red baneberry foliage in the fall because it remains green after early frosts. Elk use in summer is more limited [46,82]. In Utah mule deer use of red baneberry was moderate; it was eaten most frequently in the fall [47,68]. White-tailed deer consume a moderate amount of red baneberry. Its value to pronghorn is poor [35].

Livestock use of red baneberry is low [21,71]. There are reports of horses eating it in Montana and sheep eating it in Idaho. However, it is not normally grazed unless other forage is scarce [20].

Red baneberry fruit is consumed by several bird species including the yellow-bellied sapsucker, American robin, wood thrush, gray-cheeked thrush, brown thrasher, gray catbird, and grouse [50,81]. Some small mammals also eat the berries including deer mice, white-footed mice, red squirrel, eastern chipmunks, and red-backed voles [50,81]. Several species of birds that use baneberry eat the fruit but void the seeds, while some of the small mammals remove and eat the seeds, leaving the the pulp [81].

Palatability and Nutritional Value

Palatability to elk in Montana and to mule deer in Utah is highest in the fall [68,82]. Red baneberry has low palatability to domestic sheep and cattle [71]. The relish and degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for red baneberry in two western states is rated as follows [21]:

AnimalColoradoUtah
CattlePoorPoor
SheepPoorFair
HorsesPoorPoor
Pronghorn—Poor
Elk—Fair
Mule deer—Fair
Small mammals—Fair
Small nongame birds—Good
Upland game birds—Fair
Waterfowl—Poor

Red baneberry's energy and protein value are rated as poor [21]. Red baneberry's name comes from a poisonous essential oil or glycoside (protoanemonin) found in all parts of the plant but most concentrated in the berries and root [43,72]. Symptoms of poisoning include gastroenteritis, stomach cramps, headache, dizziness, vomiting, diarrhea and circulatory failure [72].

Cover Value

Red baneberry provides fair cover for small nongame birds and mammals in Utah but poor cover for upland game birds and big game mammals [21].

Value for Rehabilitation or Restoration of Disturbed Sites

In some western states red baneberry is listed as having low to moderate value for erosion control and revegetation potential, with moderate biomass production [21]. Growth is listed as good on gentle slopes and fair on moderate and steep slopes [21]. The plant is easily grown from seed [44]. Stratification and a very moist seeding mixture are necessary for germination [24,86]. The rootstock or caudex is easy to transplant in the fall or spring when the plant is dormant [87].

Other Uses

Red baneberry has attractive foliage and brilliantly beautiful berries. The berries are unpalatable and can cause illness to people eating them [7,37]. With due caution for its poisonous attributes, red baneberry is easily grown in woodland gardens and very attractive when interspersed with ferns [7,44,48,54].

Native Americans in Alberta and British Columbia used a weak decoction made from the roots as a stimulant in treating colds, arthritis, syphilis, rheumatism, and emaciation. They also chewed leaves and put them on boils and wounds to stimulate blood flow into the area [88].

Other Management Considerations

Red baneberry does not appear to compete seriously with young conifers [62]. Following various logging treatments in northwestern Montana, red baneberry's presence decreased, but it maintained or very slightly increased its cover [29,30]. The limited information on the effects of various treatments seems to indicate that mechanical site preparation may uproot plants and decrease the cover of red baneberry [33,56].

Table A1— Forest and range ecosystems, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) physiographic regions, Kuchler plant associations, Society for American Foresters (SAF) forest cover types, and Society for Rangeland Management (SRM) rangeland cover types in which this species occurs.

Forest and Range Ecosystems (Garrison et al. 1977)

  • FRES11 Spruce - fir
  • FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
  • FRES19 Aspen - birch
  • FRES20 Douglas-fir
  • FRES21 Ponderosa pine
  • FRES22 Western white pine
  • FRES23 Fir - spruce
  • FRES25 Larch
  • FRES26 Lodgepole pine
  • FRES27 Redwood

BLM Physiographic Regions (Bernard and Brown 1977)

  • 1 Northern Pacific Border
  • 2 Cascade Mountains
  • 3 Southern Pacific Border
  • 4 Sierra Mountains
  • 5 Columbia Plateau
  • 8 Northern Rocky Mountains
  • 9 Middle Rocky Mountains
  • 11 Southern Rocky Mountains
  • 12 Colorado Plateau
  • 14 Great Plains
  • 15 Black Hills Uplift
  • 16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands

Kuchler Plant Associations (Kuchler 1964)

  • K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
  • K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
  • K005 Mixed conifer forest
  • K006 Redwood forest
  • K007 Red fir forest
  • K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
  • K012 Douglas-fir forest
  • K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
  • K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
  • K015 Western spruce - fir forest
  • K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
  • K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
  • K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
  • K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
  • K095 Great Lakes pine forest
  • K106 Northern hardwoods
  • K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest

SAF Cover Types (Eyre 1980)

  • 5 Balsam fir
  • 16 Aspen
  • 18 Paper birch
  • 21 Eastern white pine
  • 25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
  • 26 Sugar maple - basswood
  • 107 White spruce
  • 204 Black spruce
  • 205 Mountain hemlock
  • 206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
  • 210 Interior Douglas-fir
  • 211 White fir
  • 212 Western larch
  • 213 Grand fir
  • 215 Western white pine
  • 216 Blue spruce
  • 217 Aspen
  • 219 Limber pine
  • 221 Red alder
  • 222 Black cottonwood - willow
  • 224 Western hemlock
  • 226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
  • 228 Western redcedar
  • 229 Pacific Douglas-fir
  • 230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
  • 232 Redwood
  • 235 Cottonwood - willow

SRM Rangeland Cover Types (Shiflet 1994)

  • No entry.

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