Bouteloua dactyloides, buffalograss
Howard, Janet L. 1995. Bouteloua dactyloides, buffalograss. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/boudac
| Abbreviation | Common Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plants | ||||
| BOUDAC | buffalograss | Bouteloua dactyloides | Life Form: Plants/Graminoid Kingdom: Plantae Class: Monocot Order: Cyperales Family: Poaceae Genus: Buchloe | Fed. Protected: No Nativity: Native Invasiveness: Noninvasive |
Taxonomy
The scientific name of buffalograss is Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) J.T. Columbus (Poaceae) [61,94,118].
Synonyms
- Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. [48,53,60,61,119]
Other Common Names
None
General Distribution
Buffalograss is distributed from central Canada south to eastern coastal Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, eastern Arizona, and northern Mexico [48,53]. It is incidental in northern Idaho [95] and Virginia [79].
Distribution of buffalograss.
States and Provinces
- United States: AZ CO ID IA KS LA MN MO MT NE NM ND OK SD TX VA WY
- Canada: MB SK
Site Characteristics
Buffalograss occurs on all soil textures [10,21]. It is most common on clay, then fine-textured loam. It is rare on sandy soils [10,81]. Soils supporting buffalograss are usually alkaline [10,19,49], with a high water-holding capacity (33-66%) [49]. Buffalograss grows mostly on dry uplands and/or disturbed sites in mixed- and tallgrass prairie [3,48]. It grows best in regions of the Great Plains where annual precipitation ranges between 12 and 25 inches (305 and 635 mm) [106]. It is widely adapted, however, to extremes in climate and elevation [21,106]. Elevation at which buffalograss occurs ranges from 2,000 feet (600 m) in Montana to 6,300 feet (1,890 m) in Wyoming [36].
Buffalograss growing in Oklahoma.
Plant Communities
Buffalograss is codominant with blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) over most of the shortgrass prairie [51]. It is a common component in mixed-grass prairie [3,30], semidesert grassland of New Mexico [17], and coastal prairie of Louisiana and Texas [33]. It is usually a minor element in undisturbed tallgrass prairie [26,46]. Buffalograss also occurs in the understory of pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.), mesquite (Prosopis spp.), and eastern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) woodland [8], and in oak-hickory (Quercus-Carya spp.) savanna of the Cross Timbers region of Texas [39].
Plant community classifications naming buffalograss as a community dominant are as follows:
- A framework for plant community classification and conservation in Texas [33]
- Remnant grassland vegetation and ecological affinities of the upper coastal prairie of Texas [34]
- A vegetation classification system for New Mexico, U.S.A. [37]
- Characteristics of major grassland types in western North Dakota [49]
- Distribution and ecology of loess hill prairies in Atchison and Holt counties in northwestern Missouri [58]
- A study of the vegetation of the sandhills of Nebraska [75]
- Plant communities of Texas [91]
- Analysis of grassland vegetation on selected key areas in southwestern North Dakota [109]
Botanical Description
Buffalograss is a warm-season, native perennial shortgrass [20]. It is drought-, heat-, and cold-resistant [106]. Foliage is usually 2 to 5 inches (5-13 cm) high, though in the southern Great Plains foliage may reach 12 inches (30 cm) [55,100]. Buffalograss is usually dioecious. Plants are occasionally monoecious, sometimes with perfect flowers [48,49,54,61]. Flowerstalks are 4 to 8 inches (10-20 cm) tall [100]. The male inflorescence is a panicle; the female inflorescence consists of short spikelets borne in burlike clusters, usually with two to four spikelets per bur [48,104].
Male panicle of buffalograss growing in Texas.
Buffalograss sends out numerous, branching stolons [54,106]; occasionally it also produces rhizomes [85]. Roots are also numerous and thoroughly occupy the soil [100]. The numerous stolons and roots form a dense sod [54,106]. Buffalograss roots are finer than those of most plains grasses, being less than 1 mm in diameter. Weaver [100] found that in the Great Plains, buffalograss roots in silty loam reached 5 feet below ground, with 70 percent of roots (by weight) occurring in the first 6 inches (15 cm) of soil.
Buffalograss stolons.
Raunkiaer Life Form (Raunkiaer 1934)
- Hemicryptophyte
Seasonal Development
Buffalograss growth begins in late spring and continues through summer [54,89]. In the Great Plains flowering occurs mostly from April to June, but male plants may flower until late summer or fall [48]. Period of heaviest flowering varies by location. Flowering is reported from July through August in eastern Colorado [35]. August flowering is also reported from Kansas, with male plants beginning flowering slightly before female plants [103]. Seed ripens from early summer to late fall, depending upon location. Early July seed ripening is reported from Kansas [27].
Regeneration Processes
Primarily dioecious, buffalograss usually outcrosses by wind pollination [77]. The monoecious sex form is more common in peripheral, sparse populations, and monoecious plants may be self-fertile [56]. Seed production on native grasslands in Kansas was greatest when above-average rainfall occurred in May and June; seed production was lowest when rainfall during that period was below average [27]. At dispersal the entire bur, with seeds still inside, abscises from the plant. Burs usually disperse close to the parent plant; they cling only briefly, if at all, to animals or clothing [76]. Fresh seed is usually dormant, requiring abrasion or overwintering to break dormancy. Degree of dormancy, however, has been found to vary between populations [78]. Light is required for germination [43]. Ahring and Todd [2] found that prechilling at 41 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit (5-10 deg C), drying seeds for 6 to 48 hours at 104 to 158 degrees Fahrenheit (40-70 deg C), or soaking seeds 1 to 72 hours in sodium hypochlorite greatly increased germination. Fulright and others [43] provide a summary of recommended buffalograss seed stratification regimes. Reports of germinative capacity of fresh seed that has been stratified and scarified range from 45 to 70 percent. Seed has remained viable in the seedbank for at least 7 years [29]. Twenty-five-year-old seed recovered from the walls of an abandoned sod house in Kansas was 15 to 78 percent viable [64]. Germination rates are usually better when seed remains within the bur [76].
In a seedbank study on the Central Plains Experimental Range, Colorado, buffalograss seedling density in fine-textured soil samples gathered over a 15-month sampling period averaged 112 plants per square meter [25]. Seedlings grow rapidly under favorable conditions. They have produced stolons by 2 months of age. By the end of their first summer, seedlings grow a thick root mass that extends 2 feet (0.6 m) below ground [100].
Vegetative reproduction through spreading stolons is rapid given favorable environmental conditions [29]. Buffalograss stolons have grown as rapidly as 2.25 inches (5.72 cm) per day [69]. Buffalograss also spreads by tillering [106]. Following drought in western Kansas, buffalograss cover increased vegetatively from 2 percent in 1940 to 93 percent in 1943. Buffalograss has been reported to spread vegetatively following depletion even when heavily grazed [101]. Although blue grama is more drought resistant, buffalograss usually recovers more quickly after drought through vegetative reproduction [29].
Successional Status
Buffalograss appears in early to mid-stage secondary succession [4]. Costello [28] described an old-field successional sequence in north-central Colorado where the initial stage was dominated by annuals, followed by perennial forbs. Buffalograss appeared after the perennial forbs, 10 to 20 years after abandonment.
Buffalograss is common on disturbed sites such as prairie dog towns [1,117]. In a pattern similar to old-field succession, buffalograss established after forbs and three-awns (Aristida spp.) but before mid-grasses such as silver bluestem (Bothriochloa saccharoides) and sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) on an abandoned black-tailed praire dog town in Oklahoma tallgrass prairie [71].
Buffalograss often establishes dominance in mixed-grass prairie with drought or heavy grazing, and may invade tallgrass prairie under such conditions [59,89]. Buffalograss may not require disturbance in order to maintain dominance on all sites, however. It dominated fine-textured clay soils in a remnant mixed-grass Kansas prairie that had not been grazed or burned for 68 years [57]. Van Auken and Bush [97] found that honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) was unable to invade high-density buffalograsslands in Texas.
Buffalograss is somewhat shade tolerant, but cannot tolerate dense shade [10,106].
Clements [23] described buffalograss-blue grama shortgrass prairie as "proclimax:" a community held indefinitely from reaching "climax condition" by the natural disturbances of grazing and fire.
Immediate Fire Effects
Buffalograss is not completely consumed in most grassland fires. Typically, the upper part of the plant burns, and damage to basal portions of the plant is uncommon [45,99]. With grassland fires, flames fanned by even light winds seldom stay in one spot long enough to produce high temperatures at the soil surface. Fire intensities lethal to native perennial grasses such as buffalograss rarely, if ever, occur during prescribed grassland fire [45]. Even with wildfires, temperatures near perennating tissues at the soil surface are usually not lethal. Unburned stubble often remains after fire has passed, and shallowly placed buds and seeds are unharmed [32 and references therein]. Wildfire occurring during drought, however, may generate temperatures high enough to kill buffalograss perennating buds [32,45]. Lethal temperatures may also occur at the soil surface if woody plant invasion into grassland has occurred. Soil surface temperatures tend to rise when woody plants burn, and elevated temperatures last for longer periods of time [32].
Postfire Regeneration Strategy (Stickney 1989)
- Caudex, growing points in soil
- Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Fire Adaptations
Fire was an essential component of presettlement prairie ecosystems [6,18,76,82,99,116]. Prior to European settlement, buffalograss probably burned in all seasons [12]. Areas dominated by warm-season grasses such as buffalograss can carry fire even in winter and early spring [12], and Native Americans apparently burned various portions of the prairie year-round [7].
Buffalograss survives grassland fire by several mechanisms. Vegetative regeneration is probably most important. Basal meristems are generally protected from grassland fire by soil and/or damp litter. Some stolon apices are usually protected by damp litter [107]. Buffalograss regenerates after fire by basal tillering and sprouting from unburned stolon buds. Recovery time greatly accelerates when plants become vigorous enough to spread by stolons. Buffalograss also regenerates from seed following fire [108]. Because it is enclosed in a bur, buffalograss seed is more protected from fire than seed of most grass species. Buffalograss burs have been shown to greatly reduce fire and heat damage to enclosed seed [76]. Regeneration from seed is slower than vegetative regeneration, however, and is probably most important when severe fire has killed a large proportion of stolon and basal buds.
Plant Response to Fire
Burning generally either favors buffalograss or has no long-term effect upon it [108,110]. In some studies, buffalograss productivity is unchanged or increases in the first postfire year [14,15]. Wright [110] concluded from several studies that in western Texas, buffalograss was neither harmed nor favored by fire. In southern Nebraska, April burning of loess hill mixed-grass prairie had no significant (p=.1) effect on buffalograss cover the following June or September. However, buffalo grass cover on burn plots had increased significantly compared to control plots by the second September after fire [84].
Fire had no long-term effect on buffalograss at the Kansas Agricultural Experimental Station. Launchbaugh [63] reported that after a March wildfire in shortgrass prairie there, buffalograss cover at postfire year 1 was reduced by 48 percent on burned areas as compared to adjacent unburned areas; height at the end of the first growing season was 6.7 inches (17.0 cm) on burned sites and 11.9 inches (30.2 cm) on unburned sites. By postfire year 2, buffalograss cover on burned sites was 39 percent less than on unburned sites, and by postfire year 3 there was no significant difference in buffalograss cover between burned and unburned sites.
Buffalograss recovery time may vary depending upon phenological stage, season of burning, fire severity, and/or postfire weather conditions. In a bluestem (Andropogon gerardii and Schizachyrium scoparium) pasture in Kansas, buffalograss declined under 10 years of early (20 March) and late spring (1 May) annual burning compared to annual mid-spring (10 April) and no burning. Buffalograss basal cover (%) after 10 years was [5]:
| Spring burn timing | Basal cover (%)* |
|---|---|
| Unburned | 2.21a |
| Early spring | 1.08b |
| Mid-spring | 2.65a |
| Late spring | 1.37a |
*Percent followed by the same letter do not differ significantly (p<0.05).
Spring (April) prescribed burning in mixed-grass prairie in Badlands National Park, South Dakota, favored buffalograss. Buffalograss began vegetative expansion and produced seed during the first growing season after fire [107]. Compared to the control (no burn), buffalograss standing crop increased for 2 to 3 postfire years, then returned to approximate prefire levels with onset of a drought [108].
Buffalograss increased significantly (p=0.05) after various treatments involving prescribed burning on the South Texas Plains-Texas Gulf Prairie interface. Burning was effected to reduce woody plant invasion. Treatments were shredding, chopping, or scalping followed by prescribed burning 2 years later, and a control (prescribed burning only). All prescribed burning was done in September 1965. Percentage composition of buffalograss in July 1966 was [14]:
| Treatment type | Burned (%) | Unburned (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Control | 15 | 13 |
| Shredded | 12 | 11 |
| Chopped | 17 | 6 |
| Scalped | 17 | 6 |
| Average | 15 | 9 |
Brush cover was significantly (p=0.05) reduced from prefire levels at postfire year 1, although less than 15 percent of woody plants were actually killed by the fire [14].
In another southern Texas study on the Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife Refuge, plots were subjected to a fall (September) fire, a winter (December) fire, or a fall fire with a winter reburn the following year. Burning was conducted in 1965 and 1966. Buffalograss production (lbs/acre) in August 1967 was [15]:
| Burn season | Buffalograss production (lbs/acre) |
|---|---|
| Control (unburned) | 355 |
| Fall | 330 |
| Winter | 315 |
| Fall and winter | 401 |
April prescribed burning in cultivated buffalograss in Kansas reduced subsequent summer seed yield. Unburned portions of the field produced 303 pounds of buffalograss seed per acre compared to 79 pounds per acre on the burned portion [27].
See the Research Project Summary Effects of spring prescribed fire and chaining on tobosa and buffalograss communities in Lynn County, Texas, for additional information on buffalograss response to prescribed fire and other manipulations.
Fire Regimes
For fire regime information, search FEIS for this species by entering the species name or acronym on the home page and selecting “Fire Regime” as the publication type.
Fire Management Considerations
Fall burning in a shortgrass-mixed-grass transition zone of the Flint Hills of Kansas reduced prairie threeawn (Aristida oligantha), an annual grass with little to no forage value for livestock, and increased relative abundance of the dominant perennial grasses, buffalograss and blue grama. Percentages of total herbage production in fall, 1972, with no burning, fall burning, and spring burning, were [72]:
| Burn season | Prairie threeawn | Perennial grasses | Western ragweed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unburned | 73.7 | 21.2 | 5.0 |
| Spring (1) | 84.0 | 14.0 | 2.0 |
| Fall (2) | 13.7 | 75.8 | 7.0 |
April prescribed fire in mixed-grass prairie of southern Nebraska also reduced nonnative, cool-season annuals and increased the native, warm-season dominants, buffalograss and blue grama [84].
There was no significant relationship between fireline intensity and postfire response of buffalograss after spring burning in western Texas grassland. High-intensity (approximately 5,570 kW/m) headfire did no more damage to buffalograss than low-intensity (approximately 70 kW/m) headfire [83].
Buffalograss mortality may be higher with backfires than headfires. Being more slow-moving, backfires tend to generate more heat at ground level [45].
Wright has provided prescriptions for burning buffalograss in the central and southern Great Plains [111], the Edwards Plateau [115] and Rio Grande Plains [113,114] regions of Texas, and in chained mesquite-tobosa communities [112].
Fire Case Study: Buffalograss production after spring burning in Custer State Park, South Dakota
Reference
Easterly, Thomas G.; Jenkins, Kurt J. 1991. Forage production and use on bighorn sheep winter range following spring burning in grassland and ponderosa pine habitats. Prairie Naturalist. 23(4): 193-200. [40].
Season/Severity Classification
Spring/variable
Study Location
The study area was on the north edge of French Creek Natural Area in Custer State Park, South Dakota.
Perfire Vegetative Community
The study area was a mosaic of mixed-grass prairie and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest. Prairie was dominated by buffalograss (Bouteloua dactyloides), bluegrasses (Poa spp.), gramas (Bouteloua spp.), and western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii). The forest understory was dominated by sedges (Carex spp.) and bluegrasses.
Target Species Phenological State
No entry.
Site Description
General: Site description was not given in detail. Aspect and slope were variable. Mean annual temperature at Custer, South Dakota (20 km northwest), was 42 degrees Fahrenheit (6 deg C). Mean annual precipitation was 18.4 inches (460 mm). Annual precipitation at Custer State Park was 14.9 inches (372 mm) in 1987 and 13.5 inches (337 mm) in 1988.
Burn Days: Peak temperature was 75 deg Fahrenheit (23 deg C) on 27 April 1987 and 82 degrees Fahrenheit (28 deg C) on 28 April 1987. Relative humidity ranged from 17 to 34 percent. Winds were from the south to southeast at 13 to 42 miles per hour (8-25 km/hr). Fine fuel moisture was approximately 5 percent.
Fire Description
Primary goals of the study were to reduce encroachment of ponderosa pine onto the prairie and increase forage available to bighorn sheep. The 235-acre (94-ha) burn was conducted on 27 and 28 April 1987. Strip-firing techniques were used to meet different burn objectives in different areas. In meadows and sites dominated by cool-season species, fire intensity was low and flame length was less than 12 inches (30 cm). Green-up of cool-season herbaceous species in the fall before the fire resulted in an incomplete burn pattern with large unburned patches. Sites dominated by warm-season species including buffalograss burned hotter than cool-season sites, with flame lengths of 18 to 30 inches (45-75 cm). Fire intensities in forested areas varied widely depending upon fuels, aspect, time of day, and width of firing strip. Some direct mortality of pines occurred due to fire in tree crowns.
Fire Effects on Target Species
Percent cover of buffalograss in burned and unburned plots in July was:
| Year | Burned (% cover) | Unburned (% cover) |
|---|---|---|
| 1987 | 4 | 2 |
| 1988 | 5 | 3 |
Fire Management Implications
Spring prescribed burning increased buffalograss cover within the 2-year study period, and reduced ponderosa pine cover.
Burning in mixed-grass prairie increased production of forbs and warm-season grasses including buffalograss. Utilization of herbaceous species by elk, deer, and bison was higher in burned than unburned areas. Of all the Park ungulates, bison used the burns most intensively, with their use peaking in summer. Prescribed burning did not, however, increase the amount of forage available to bighorn sheep in late summer and presumably, winter.
Mortality of ponderosa pine over the study area was approximately 50 percent. Pine expansion into mixed-grass prairie was curtailed.
Federal Status
None
Other Status
No entry.
Importance to Wildlife and Livestock
Buffalograss is one of the most important forage grasses of the shortgrass and mixed-grass prairies. All classes of livestock graze it during all seasons [59]. The foliage is nutritious and palatable when green, and its nutritional quality does not decline greatly as it cures [52,68].
Buffalograss is also important wildlife forage. Wildlife consumers of Buffalograss include white-tailed deer [22], bison [73], pronghorn, black-tailed jackrabbit [38], and prairie dogs [24]. Buffalograss is especially important in bison [73] and black-tailed prairie dog diets [24]. Bison in northeastern Colorado consumed it year-round, with mean percent composition in their diet least in May (41%) and highest in August (84%) [73]. Black-tailed prairie dogs also use it year-round, consuming all parts of the plant [13]. Annual black-tailed prairie dog consumption of buffalograss averaged 23 percent in western South Dakota, peaking in June and July (34%) and reaching a low in December (8%) [90].
Mountain plover nest on blue grama-buffalograss flats in Colorado [47].
Palatability and Nutritional Value
Palatability of buffalograss has been rated good for cattle, domestic sheep, and horses [36]. Reitz and Morris [81] rated it one of the most palatable grasses in Montana. Livestock utilization may vary by region and year, however. In a cattle utilization study in South Dakota mixed-grass prairie, cattle selected several other graminoids over buffalograss even though buffalograss was the most productive graminoid on the study site [96].
Nutritional value of fresh, mature buffalograss in the United States was [70]:
| Nutrient | Composition (%) |
|---|---|
| Dry matter | 48.9 |
| Ash | 6.1 |
| Crude fiber | 13.0 |
| Species | Digestible protein (%) |
|---|---|
| Cattle | 2.9 |
| Domestic sheep | 2.9 |
| Domestic goats | 2.7 |
| Horses | 2.7 |
| Rabbits | 2.9 |
The National Academy of Sciences [70] also provides nutritional analyses of fresh and cured buffalograss in other phenological stages (immature, dough stage, ripe, overripe), and for fresh buffalograss-western wheatgrass-bluestem (Grama spp.) mixes. Energy (calories/kg) and mineral analyses of buffalograss are given. Harlan [50] published a nutritional analysis of buffalograss seed.
Dittberner and Olson [36] rated buffalograss fair in energy and protein value. They rated its nutritional value for wildlife in several states as follows:
| Species | Utah | Colorado | Montana | North Dakota |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elk | Good | Fair | Poor | — |
| Mule deer | Good | Poor | Poor | — |
| White-tailed deer | — | — | — | Poor |
| Pronghorn | Good | — | — | Poor |
| Upland game birds | Good | Good | Poor | Poor |
| Waterfowl | Fair | — | — | — |
| Nongame birds | Good | — | Poor | — |
| Small mammals | Good | Good | Poor | — |
Cover Value
Dittberner and Olson [36] rated the value of buffalograss in providing cover for wildlife as follows:
| Species | Wyoming | North Dakota |
|---|---|---|
| Upland game birds | Good | Poor |
| Small nongame birds | Good | Poor |
| Small mammals | Good | Poor |
Value for Rehabilitation or Restoration of Disturbed Sites
Buffalograss sod is ranked superior in controlling erosion [100,106]. It has been ranked first among native grasses in controlling wind erosion [10]. It is recommended for rehabilitating surface-mined lands [92], and has been successfully established on bentonite [87] and coal mine [98] spoils.
Other Uses
Buffalograss is planted for lawns [42,66,103] and used in hayfield mixtures. It is of limited use as a hay grass when planted alone, however, due to its short stature [89].
The sod houses of early Great Plains settlers were constructed mostly from buffalograss [52].
Other Management Considerations
Buffalograss is highly resistant to grazing [5,9,16]. It usually increases under heavy grazing, especially at the expense of tallgrass species [51,76]. Its response to grazing may vary by site, however. On the Central Plains Experimental Range in Colorado, Archer and Tieszen [9] found that buffalograss importance value increased with moderate to heavy continuous grazing on ridges and midridges, but decreased with such grazing on swales. Importance value was low on all sites with light grazing. Buffalograss responses to various other grazing regimes are described [66,74,93].
Buffalograss is highly drought resistant, although somewhat less so than blue grama [89].
Buffalograss seed is commercially available [43,81]. Guidelines for seeding buffalograss onto rangeland, or establishing it from cut sod, are available [10,21,31,43].
Marcum and Engelke [65] provide field test results on buffalograss response to various pre- and postemergent herbicides.
Table A1— Forest and range ecosystems, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) physiographic regions, Kuchler plant associations, Society for American Foresters (SAF) forest cover types, and Society for Rangeland Management (SRM) rangeland cover types in which this species occurs.
Forest and Range Ecosystems (Garrison et al. 1977)
- FRES15 Oak-hickory
- FRES21 Ponderosa pine
- FRES32 Texas savanna
- FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
- FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
- FRES38 Plains grasslands
- FRES39 Prairie
- FRES40 Desert grasslands
BLM Physiographic Regions (Bernard and Brown 1977)
- 7 Lower Basin and Range
- 10 Wyoming Basin
- 11 Southern Rocky Mountains
- 13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
- 14 Great Plains
- 15 Black Hills Uplift
- 16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
Kuchler Plant Associations (Kuchler 1964)
- K017 Black Hills pine forest
- K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
- K031 Oak-juniper woodlands
- K044 Creosotebush-tarbush
- K053 Grama-galleta steppe
- K054 Grama-tobosa prairie
- K058 Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe
- K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
- K060 Mesquite savanna
- K061 Mesquite-acacia savanna
- K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass
- K065 Grama-buffalograss
- K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
- K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
- K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalograss
- K069 Bluestem-grama prairie
- K074 Bluestem prairie
- K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
- K084 Cross Timbers
- K085 Mesquite-buffalograss
- K087 Mesquite-oak savanna
- K096 Northeastern spruce-fir forest
SAF Cover Types (Eyre 1980)
- 40 Post oak-blackjack oak
- 66 Ashe juniper-redberry (Pinchot) juniper
- 68 Mesquite
- 237 Interior ponderosa pine
- 239 Pinyon-juniper
- 242 Mesquite
SRM Rangeland Cover Types (Shiflet 1994)
- 412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
- 504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
- 505 Grama-tobosa shrub
- 601 Bluestem prairie
- 604 Bluestem-grama prairie
- 605 Sandsage prairie
- 606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
- 607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
- 608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass
- 609 Wheatgrass-grama
- 611 Blue grama-buffalograss
- 615 Wheatgrass-saltgrass-grama
- 701 Alkali sacaton-tobosagrass
- 703 Black grama-sideoats grama
- 704 Blue grama-western wheatgrass
- 705 Blue grama-galleta
- 706 Blue grama-sideoats grama
- 709 Bluestem-grama
- 710 Bluestem prairie
- 711 Bluestem-sacahuista prairie
- 712 Galleta-alkali sacaton
- 713 Grama-muhly-threeawn
- 714 Grama-bluestem
- 715 Grama-buffalograss
- 717 Little bluestem-Indiangrass-Texas wintergrass
- 718 Mesquite-grama
- 720 Sand bluestem-little bluestem (dunes)
- 727 Mesquite-buffalograss
- 728 Mesquite-granjeno-acacia
- 729 Mesquite
- 732 Cross timbers-Texas (little bluestem-post oak)
- 733 Juniper-oak
- 734 Mesquite-oak
- 802 Missouri prairie
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