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Species Review

Descurainia pinnata, western tansymustard

Written
June, 2003
Contributors
Janet Howard - 1st Author

Howard, Janet L. 2003. Descurainia pinnata, western tansymustard. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/despin

DOI
10.2737/feis-species-review-despin

AbbreviationCommon NameScientific NameClassificationStatus
Plants
DESPINwestern tansymustardDescurainia pinnataLife Form: Plants/Forb
Kingdom: Plantae
Class: Dicot
Order: Capparales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Descurainia		Fed. Protected: No
Nativity: Native
Invasiveness: Noninvasive

Photo of western tansymustard flowers.
Photo of western tansymustard plant with blooms.

Taxonomy

The scientific name of western tansymustard is Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt. (Brassicaceae) [27,49,56,75,89,110,119,150,184]. Currently recognized infrataxa are:

  • D. p. subsp. brachycarpa (Richards.) Detl. [27,56,89,110,119], western tansymustard
  • D. p. subsp. filipes (Gray) Detl. [89], western tansymustard
  • D. p. subsp. glabra (Wooton & Standl.) Detl. [75,89,91,110], western tansymustard
  • D. p. subsp. halictorum (Cockerell) Detl. [27,56,75,89,91]
  • D. p. subsp. intermedia (Rydb.) Detl. [56,75,89], western tansymustard
  • D. p. subsp. menzeisii (DC.) Detl. [75,89], Menzies' tansymustard
  • D. p. subsp. nelsonii (Rydb.) Detl. [89], Nelson's tansymustard
  • D. p. subsp. ochroleuca (Woot.) Detl., western tansymustard
  • D. p. subsp. paysonii Detl. [89,91], Payson's tansymustard
  • D. p. subsp. pinnata [27,89], western tansymustard

Infrataxa designations are somewhat arbitrary [27,175]. There are intergradation and introgression among the subspecies; consequently, the subspecies are often difficult to distinguish [27,75].

Synonyms

  • Descurainia pinnata var. brachycarpa (Richards.) Fern.
  • D. p. var. filipes (Gray) Peck.
  • D. p. var. glabra (Wooton & Standl.) Detl.
  • D. p. var. halictorum (Cockerell) Peck.
  • D. p. var. intermedia (Rydb.) Peck.
  • D. p. var. nelsonii (Rydb.) Peck. [49,162,172,175]
  • D. p. var. osmiarum (Cockerell) Shinners [175]
  • D. p. var. pinnata [49]
  • D. p. var. paysonii Detl. [175]

Other Common Names

green tansymustard, pinnate tansymustard, Menzies' tansymustard, Nelson's tansymustard, Payson's tansymustard

Photo of western tansymustard flowers.
Photo Credit
Photo by Cecelia Alexander, iNaturalist.org, no rights reserved.

Western tansymustard

General Distribution

Western tansymustard is native to North America. It is distributed from Yukon, western Nunavut, and southern Quebec to southern California, Texas, central Florida, and Sinaloa, Mexico [75,89,181,184]. It does not occur in Alabama, is extirpated from New Hampshire and West Virginia, and is rare in Vermont and Ohio [89]. The subspecies' distributions show considerable overlap, with no apparent geological or ecological correlation to occurrence [166,175]. Plants database provides a distributional map of western tansymustard and its subspecies.

The biogeographic classifications presented in the Appendix demonstrate western tansymustard could potentially be found. The lists are speculative and may not be accurately restrictive or complete.

States and Provinces

  • United States: AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WI WY DC
  • Canada: AB BC MB NT NU ON PQ SK YK
  • Mexico: B.C.N. Chih. Sin. Son.

Site Characteristics

Moisture regime varies from moist to dry [90]. Western tansymustard is most common on dry, open, or disturbed sites [27,49,56,108,119,172]. For example, it occurs in dry washes in the Mojave Desert [17], on stabilized sand dunes and sandy flats in Wyoming [40], and on disturbed shorelines of the Great Lakes region [172].

Soils

Western tansymustard is common on sandy, gravelly, and eroded soils [27,28,40,54,75,76,81,108,141,172]. Hinds and Sauer [76] found western tansymustard was associated with eroded soils on the Arid Lands Ecology Reserve of Washington. Western tansymustard tolerates alkaline and limestone soils [27,28,50,75,119,172]. In the San Bernardino National Forest, California, western tansymustard was a constant species on singleleaf pinyon (P. monophylla)-Utah juniper sites previously mined for limestone, and on noncarbonate soils [50].

Aspect

Western tansymustard occurred on both cool northern and warm southern exposures following fall prescribed fire in a pinyon-juniper community in the Green River corridor of Utah [53].

Elevation

Western tansymustard elevational range by state.
StateElevation
Arizona<7,000 feet (2,100 m) [91]
California8,200 feet (2,500 m) [75]
Colorado4,000-8,000 feet (1,200-2,400 m) [65]
New Mexico4,500-7,500 feet (1,400-2,300 m) [110]
Utah2,500-10,700 feet (750-3,250 m) [175]
Wyoming6,000 to 7,200 feet (2,000-2,200) [40]

Plant Communities

Western tansymustard is important in desert ecosystems. It is common in pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.) woodlands and big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and silver sagebrush (A. cana) steppes [63,128,167]. Common associates in sagebrush steppes are rabbitbrushes (Chrysothamnus spp.), winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda), and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) [127,128,138,139,145]. Western tansymustard often occurs in early seral desert systems with other annuals including cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), sixweeks fescue (Vulpia octoflora), Russian-thistle (Salsola kali), tall tumblemustard (Sisymbrium altissimum), and herb sophia (Descurainia sophia) [128,138,145]. On burns in northeastern Nevada, for example, western tansymustard occurred in Utah juniper (J. osteosperma), big sagebrush, and black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) communities. Fire had removed the overstory dominants, and the early postfire communities were dominated by western tansymustard and exotic cheatgrass, Russian-thistle, and clasping pepperweed (Lepidium perfoliatum) [153]. Also in northeastern Utah, western tansymustard was dominant in an early postfire Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis)-Utah juniper community. Associates were primarily other annuals including cheatgrass, false flax (Camelina microcarpa), tall tumblemustard, and prairie pepperweed (L. densifolium) [51].

Western tansymustard also occurs in mesquite (Prosopis spp.), salt-desert shrubland, blackbrush/Indian ricegrass (Coleogyne ramosissima/Achnatherum hymenoides), and desert grassland communities [24,63]. In velvet mesquite (P. velutina) woodland of southeastern Arizona, western tansymustard occurs with Wright's buckwheat (Eriogonum wrightii) and plains lovegrass (Eragrostis intermedia) [15]. Associates on the Desert Tortoise Research Natural Area in the Mojave Desert of southern California include creosotebush (Larrea tridentata), white bursage (Ambrosia dumosa), and other annuals, the most common being cutleaf filaree (Erodium cicutarium), red brome (Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens), and Mediterranean grass (Schismus spp.) [20,21].

Western tansymustard is not as important in plains grasslands and communities further east as it is in desert shrublands [79]. It is usually listed as a "waste place" or disturbance-indicator weed in the Great Plains and ecosystems to the east (e.g., [27,49,56,108,119,172]).

Botanical Description

Photo of western tansymustard plant with blooms.
Photo Credit
Photo by Kcthetc1, iNaturalist.org, no rights reserved

Western tansymustard

The following description of western tansymustard provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g. [27,49,56,75,110,141,162,172,175]).

Western tansymustard is a native winter annual. Mature plants are 2.3 to 3.3 feet (0.7-1 m) in height. Stems are coarse, glandular, and sparsely to densely pubescent, depending on the subspecies. They are 1 to several at the base, branching towards the top. Leaves are basal or cauline. Basal leaves are biwestern and may be as long as 4 inches (10 cm), becoming western and smaller up the stem. The inflorescence is a glandular raceme of perfect flowers that spreads out 45o to 90o from the stem. The fruit is a dehiscent, 2-capsuled silique 4-20 mm in length, bearing 1 to 20 small seeds per capsule. Seeds are 0.5 to 1 mm long; their average mass is 0.12 mg [40,49,56,75,91,141,162,175]. Tansymustards (Descurainia spp.) have a short taproot [125,186].

Stand Structure

Plant communities where tansymustard is important have an open structure, with sparse to no overstory. For example, structure of a Colorado pinyon-Utah juniper burn in northeastern Utah consisted of the skeletons of burned conifers and a ground cover of western tansymustard and other annual forbs [51]. Excepting communities dominated by cheatgrass (e.g., [83,159,190]), descriptions of open-canopy stands dominated by annuals are sparse in the literature. Further studies of stand structure (including year-to-year fluctuations due to climate changes) in such communities would increase understanding of fuel loading, fire behavior, and current fire regimes in communities with a large component of western tansymustard and other annuals.

Raunkiaer Life Form

  • Therophyte [142]

Seasonal Development

Western tansymustard germinates in late winter or early spring, depending upon climate and geographical location. After the cotyledon stage, it forms a rosette of basal leaves and then bolts [122]. Western tansymustard produces seed, dries out, and completes its life cycle as soils dry at the end of the rainy season, and the life cycle is usually completed with 2-3 months [76]. Seedlings emerge in winter in the Southwest [24,97] with western tansymustard reaching greatest cover in spring [20]. It flowers from February to early June in the Southwest and Southeast [27,81,85,91,97,141,184]. In the northern Chihuahuan Desert, western tansymustard flowers in winter, sets fruit in mid-March, and disperses seed in early April [97]. It flowers from March to August in the Great Plains [56,108] and from May to August in West Virginia [162]. In the Great Lakes region, western tansymustard flowers from April to June and sets fruit from mid-May through September [119,132].

Regeneration Processes

As an annual, western tansymustard reproduces solely from seed [24,26,66,76].

Pollination

Pollination is insect-mediated. The sepals contain nectaries that attract insect pollinators [74].

Breeding System

Mustards (Brassicaceae) are cross-pollinated. Selfing also occurs [74].

Seed Production and Predation

No information

Seed Dispersal

Neither fruits nor seeds have specialized appendages for dispersal [92,95], and most western tansymustard seed falls near the parent plant [147]. Wind, water, machinery, and animals transport seed long distances [115,147]. Animals disperse tansymustard seeds when the sticky seedcoat adheres to feathers or fur [192].

Seed Banking

Western tansymustard has soil-stored seed [24,26,66,76]. Soil samples from a needle-and-thread grass-blue grama (Hesperostipa comata-Bouteloua gracilis) community in Yellowstone National Park supported a mean of 13 western tansymustard germinants/m2 in the greenhouse [26].

Germination

Western tansymustard has a temperature-dependent afterripening requirement that lessens with time and exposure to cold temperatures [192]. It is adapted to establishing in soils that may dry quickly. The seedcoat forms a thin layer of mucilage after wetting; the sticky layer helps germinating seeds retain water [189,192]. Best germination occurs with ample soil moisture, however. Seedling establishment is closely tied to favorable moisture levels at time of germination, and western tansymustard cover fluctuates from year to year [31]. In undisturbed creosotebush-white bursage in the northern Mojave Desert of Nevada (where western tansymustard germinates in winter), spring density of western tansymustard ranged from 18 plants/m2 (the driest winter) to 212/m2 (the wettest winter) over 6 years [16].

In a study on germination of California chaparral species, heat treatments had no significant effect on germination of western tansymustard; however, germination of western tansymustard seeds was significantly (p<0.1) enhanced by treatment with an infusion of chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) foliage, and by application of charred, finely ground chamise stems to the seeds [96].

Seedling Establishment Plant Growth

Although western tansymustard establishes on open, dry sites, establishment may be facilitated by shrubs, especially big sagebrush, which has been shown to increase water content of surface soil through hydraulic lift [144]. In Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota, western tansymustard showed better establishment when in close proximity to big sagebrush plants compared to density of western tansymustard away from big sagebrush crowns. Silver sagebrush crowns also enhanced western tansymustard establishment, although the number of tansymustard plants was considerably less in the silver sagebrush community compared to the big sagebrush community. The average number of western tansymustard growing within a circle around sagebrush stems (using the stems as the center of the radii) varied as follows [67]:

Average number of western tansymustard plants growing at varied distance from sagebrush stems [67].
SpeciesDistance from stem base
0–30.4 cm30.4–43 cm43–52.7 cm
Big sagebrush92 plants60 plants23 plants
Silver sagebrush6 plants1 plant0 plants

Growth is enhanced on wet, nitrogen-rich sites. On the Jornada Experimental Range of New Mexico, western tansymustard showed best growth (peak biomass=3.2 g/m2) on sites fertilized with nitrogen and given 25 mm of supplemental water/per week [61]. Nitrogen-fixing plants may increase western tansymustard cover (review by [106]).

Successional Status

Western tansymustard is an early seral species. It occurs on open, disturbed sites such as railroad rights-of-way [40,172], overgrazed rangelands [14,19], and early seral burns [32,33,51,53]. Western tansymustard and other annuals are common following disturbances such as fire or grazing. They become increasingly scarce as the canopy closes [3,32,33,51,104]. Western tansymustard does not form mycorrhizal associations [14,134]; thus, it can occur on sterile sites and on sites undergoing primary succession.

A common pattern of succession in disturbed sagebrush steppe begins with Russian-thistle. Western tansymustard, herb sophia, and/or tall tumblemustard follow successionally. Russian-thistle may in turn reinvade the mustard stands with grazing disturbance, but more commonly, the mustards are succeeded by cheatgrass [68,78,78,139,185]. In desert environments, cheatgrass usually requires litter for successful germination and establishment. The dried skeletons of western tansymustard and other annual forbs may facilitate cheatgrass establishment by providing litter [34,125]. Western tansymustard and other annual forbs achieve greater cover in early seral sagebrush communities when cheatgrass is absent [193]. For information on the interactions of western tansymustard and cheatgrass, see FEIS reviews on herb sophia and cheatgrass.

Western tansymustard and the exotic herb sophia are apparently equally invasive, and fill similar ecological niches [118]. They sometimes codominate in early seral communities [2].

Western tansymustard may persist into late succession if the canopy remains open [150]. For example, western tansymustard was common (20% frequency) in a relict, 80-year-old Colorado pinyon-Utah juniper burn in northeastern Utah. It was less common, but present (2% frequency), on another relict Colorado-pinyon-Utah juniper site that had not experienced stand-replacement fire for at least 150 years. Structure at both sites was very open, with few, scattered trees [52]. Sagebrush communities may also retain open conditions into late succession [171,188]. In the Columbia River Basin of south-central Washington, western tansymustard occurs in big sagebrush communities through all stages of succession but is most common in early successional stages. It is the most common native annual on newly disturbed sites and old fields [18]. Western tansymustard occurs in pristine, late-successional communities. For example, it occurs in undisturbed, climax mountain meadows (Idaho fescue-bearded wheatgrass (Festuca idahoensis-Elymus caninus)) in Grand Teton National Park [174].

Immediate Fire Effects

Western tansymustard may be top-killed by fire while in the rosette stage. If the root crown is not damaged, western tansymustard rosettes can sprout new basal leaves from the root crown. As an annual, western tansymustard lacks adaptations for regrowth once it has bolted [1,36], and plants burned after the rosette stage are killed [51,189]. Research on fire's impact to the seed bank is lacking as of this writing (2003), but it appears that fire has little effect on western tansymustard seed populations. Western tansymustard has tiny seeds [27,56,75,141] that easily fall into fire-safe microsites such as soil crevices. While fire is likely to kill some seed, its overall effect to the western tansymustard seed bank is probably negligible.

Postfire Regeneration Strategy

  • Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
  • Initial off-site colonizer (off-site, initial community)
  • Secondary colonizer (on-site or off-site seed sources) [160]

Fire Adaptations

Western tansymustard establishes from soil-stored seed after fire [51,186]. Animal, wind, or machinery transport from off-site may provide additional, minor sources of seed [189] or introduce western tansymustard to burns where it was not present in the soil seed bank. Fire creates conditions favorable for western tansymustard establishment (bare soil, open canopy, reduced growth interference) [12,139]. As a shade-intolerant, invasive species [149], western tansymustard thrives in the early postfire environment [139]. It typically has only a few years to increase its population and replenish the seed bank before postfire successional species recover and the canopy closes [36]. Western tansymustard may persist on burns that retain an open canopy [150].

Plant Response to Fire

Western tansymustard establishes from soil-stored seed after fire [51,53,66,178]. Animals and vehicles can transport seeds to burns [153]. Fire creates the open, disturbed ground favored for western tansymustard establishment [76,96,149]. Biological factors in the early postfire environment may also favor establishment of western tansymustard. Keeley and others [94,99] found western tansymustard and other annual forbs showed significantly (p<0.01) greater germination when treated with an infusion of either charred chamise wood or chamise foliage.

Western tansymustard is common in early postfire communities [121]. It typically occurs in the earliest, annual-dominated stage of postfire succession in pinyon-juniper and sagebrush communities [51]. In a mountain big sagebrush community in Idaho, frequency of western tansymustard was more than 100% greater (p<0.05) in fall-burned compared to unburned control plots [109]. Although fire creates an open canopy and bare mineral soil, which favors tansymustard establishment, western tansymustard is not an obligate "fire follower." Any area with bare ground, open sunlight, and a seed source is vulnerable to western tansymustard invasion [71,72]. In greenhouse trials, there was no significant difference in emergence of western tansymustard seedlings from unburned, "lightly" burned, and severely burned soils. Greenhouse emergence of western tansymustard (seedlings/m2) from soil samples collected after prescribed burning near Burns, Oregon was as follows [25]:

Greenhouse emergence of western tansymustard (seedlings/m2) from soil samples collected after prescribed burning near Burns, Oregon [25].
Control"Cool" burn"Hot" burn
Basin big sagebrush site
5.54.57.3
Wyoming big sagebrush site
8.821.315.3

Fire may not increase postfire cover of western tansymustard [190]. In his classic study of postfire succession of western tansymustard and other annuals in big sagebrush, Piemeisel [138] wrote "the mere statement that a field has been burned is not sufficient information to foretell what the effect will be on the succeeding plant cover." For example, a 1977 June wildfire burned rough fescue (Festuca altaica)-bluebunch wheatgrass mountain grassland in Missoula, Montana. In fall 1977, spring 1978, and summer 1978, western tansymustard was present in low amounts on burned and unburned sites, with no significant differences (p<0.05) between western tansymustard cover on burned and unburned sites [4]. Piemesel [138] stated that site grazing history, postfire weather patterns, and level of postfire cheatgrass cover will affect cover and relative abundance of tansymustards and other early successional forbs.

Because it is an annual, western tansymustard population size is highly dependent upon year-to-year variations in postfire climate [123]. Following 1964 wildfires in northeastern Nevada, western tansymustard frequency fluctuated greatly for the next 3 years (41% in 1965, 6% in 1966, and 66% in 1967; pooled from 32 plots on 3 burns) [153]. Western tansymustard was found on fall-burned plots in postfire years 4 and 11 (but not other years) in a pinyon-juniper community in the Green River corridor of Utah [53].

Western tansymustard cover generally decreases with postfire succession. In Colorado pinyon-Utah juniper stands in Mesa Verde National Park, western tansymustard showed 44% frequency on a 4-year-old burn. It was not present on 30- or 90-year-old burns [33]. However, western tansymustard may remain a component of postfire vegetation as long as the site remains open.

Disturbance Level and Fire Severity Effects

Fire disturbance generally favors western tansymustard; however, severe fire may reduce western tansymustard's seed bank. On singleleaf pinyon-Utah juniper of west-central Utah, western tansymustard was about equally frequent on burned plots and on plots that were burned and chained [131]. After wildfire in a Utah juniper community in Nevada, western tansymustard was present at postfire year 1, with abundance peaking at postfire year 4. Sites where severe fire killed the junipers and reduced the understory to ash were devoid of vegetation until postfire year 4, when western tansymustard and cheatgrass established [153]. Absence of vegetation prior to postfire year 4 on severely burned sites suggests that the seedbank was destroyed, and western tansymustard and cheatgrass seeds were transported to the site after fire.

Fall prescribed burning in a basin big sagebrush community in east-central Oregon had no significant effect on western tansymustard frequency in postfire year 1 or 2 [148]. See the Research Project Summary of this work for more information on fire effects on western tansymustard and 60 additional forb, grass, and woody plant species.

The Research Project Summary Nonnative annual grass fuels and fire in California's Mojave Desert also provides information on prescribed fire and postfire response of western tansymustard and other plant community species.

Fuels

It is unclear how western tansymustard contributed to fire spread in the Southwest when presettlement fire regimes were functioning. Researchers have speculated that following a wetter-than-average growing season, dead, dry native annuals provided the fuels that carried infrequent spring or summer fire [55]. In a creosotebush-white bursage community in the Mojave Desert of southern California, however, experimental fires set in August 1995 were fueled entirely by red brome, cheatgrass, and Mediterranean grasses (Schismus spp.). Precipitation the preceding winter was 200% of average, so cover of annuals was high (~36% for all annual species). Where exotic grasses dominated, mean spring (prefire) cover of annuals was approximately 58%, whereas mean spring cover where native annuals dominated was approximately 30%. (At 30%, western tansymustard cover matched overall forb cover.) Fire did not spread in areas dominated by native annuals due to low fuel loads [20]. This suggests that in desert shrublands of the Southwest, presettlement fires were probably small and patchy.

Fire Regimes

In wet years, the dried skeletons of western tansymustard and other annuals provided the fine, flashy fuels that helped spread fire in presettlement desert ecosystems. Year-to-year fluctuations and longer-term southern oscillations resulted in variable cover of annuals and their subsequent fuel loads [164], so fire return intervals in presettlement desert ecosystems were highly variable. Historic fire return intervals in desert ecosystems ranged from 10 to 100 or more years [8,23,114,133,171,194]. Expansion of annual alien grasses has dramatically changed fire regimes and plant communities over vast areas of western rangelands by creating an environment where fires are easily ignited, spread rapidly, cover large areas, and occur frequently [190]. Cheatgrass, red brome, and Mediterranean grasses (Schismus spp.) provide large amounts of persistent flammable fuels [20,21,116]; consequently, fire may return every 10 years or sooner in desert systems infested with exotic grasses [135,180]. Western tansymustard's role in facilitating establishment of cheatgrass and other weedy species in dry environments by providing litter (and subsequently, more mesic conditions for germination and seedling growth of other species) [34,35] needs further investigation.

Historical fire-return intervals ranged from 10 to 70 years in sagebrush-dominated ecosystems [8,23,114,133,171,194]. Fire was historically uncommon in salt-desert shrubland ecosystems [22,84,129]. Native annuals such as western tansymustard, lacey phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia), and small fescue (Vulpia microstachys) provided fuels, but frequent breaks in the continuity of fuels hindered fire spread [20,21].

The following table provides fire return intervals where western tansymustard may be an important component of the vegetation. For further information on fire regimes in these communities, see the FEIS Species Reviews on the dominant species listed below, or search FEIS for western tansymustard by entering the species name on the Advanced Search page and selecting “Fire Regime” as the publication type.

Community or EcosystemDominant SpeciesFire Return Interval Range (years)
Maple-beech-birchAcer-Fagus-Betula> 1000 [173]
California chaparralAdenostoma and/or Arctostaphylos spp.< 35 to < 100 [133]
Bluestem prairieAndropogon gerardii var. gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium< 10 [100,133]
Silver sagebrush steppeArtemisia cana5-45 [73,140,183]
Sagebrush steppeA. tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata20-70 [133]
Basin big sagebrushA. tridentata var. tridentata12-43 [148]
Mountain big sagebrushA. tridentata var. vaseyana15-40 [8,23,113]
Wyoming big sagebrushA. tridentata var. wyomingensis10-70 (40**) [171,191]
Coastal sagebrushA. californica< 35 to < 100
Saltbush-greasewoodAtriplex confertifolia-Sarcobatus vermiculatus< 35 to < 100
desert grasslandsBouteloua eriopoda and/or Pleuraphis mutica5-100 [133]
plains grasslandsBouteloua spp.< 35 [133,183]
Blue grama-needle-and-thread grass-western wheatgrassB. gracilis-Hesperostipa comata-Pascopyrum smithii< 35 [133,146,183]
Blue grama-buffalo grassB. gracilis-Buchloe dactyloides< 35 [133,183]
Grama-galleta steppeB. gracilis-Pleuraphis jamesii< 35 to < 100 [133]
CheatgrassBromus tectorum< 10 [135,180]
California montane chaparralCeanothus and/or Arctostaphylos spp.50-100 [133]
Curlleaf mountain-mahogany*Cercocarpus ledifolius13-1000 [9,151]
Mountain-mahogany-Gambel oak scrubC. ledifolius-Quercus gambelii< 35 to < 100
BlackbrushColeogyne ramosissima< 35 to < 100 [133]
California steppeFestuca-Danthonia spp.< 35 [133,161]
Juniper-oak savannaJuniperus ashei-Q. virginiana< 35
Western juniperJ. occidentalis20-70
Rocky Mountain juniperJ. scopulorum< 35
Cedar gladesJ. virginiana3-7
CreosotebushLarrea tridentata< 35 to < 100 [133]
Wheatgrass plains grasslandsPascopyrum smithii< 5-47+ [133,140,183]
Great Lakes spruce-firPicea-Abies spp.35 to > 200
Northeastern spruce-firPicea-Abies spp.35-200
Black spruceP. mariana35-200 [30]
Pine-cypress forestPinus-Cupressus spp.< 35 to 200 [7]
Pinyon-juniperPinus-Juniperus spp.< 35 [133]
Mexican pinyonP. cembroides20-70 [120,163]
Shortleaf pineP. echinata2-15
Shortleaf pine-oakP. echinata-Quercus spp.< 10 [173]
Colorado pinyonP. edulis10-400+ [42,55,93,133]
Slash pineP. elliottii3-8
Slash pine-hardwoodP. elliottii-variable< 35 [173]
Longleaf-slash pineP. palustris-P. elliottii1-4 [124,173]
Longleaf pine-scrub oakP. palustris-Quercus spp.6-10 [173]
Pacific ponderosa pine∗P. ponderosa var. ponderosa1-47 [7]
Interior ponderosa pine∗P. ponderosa var. scopulorum2-30 [7,10,105]
Red pine (Great Lakes region)P. resinosa10-200 (10**) [30,46]
Red-white-jack pine∗P. resinosa-P. strobus-P. banksiana10-300 [30,69]
Loblolly pineP. taeda3-8
Loblolly-shortleaf pineP. taeda-P. echinata10 to < 35 [173]
Galleta-threeawn shrubsteppePleuraphis jamesii-Aristida purpurea< 35 to < 100
Eastern cottonwoodPopulus deltoides< 35 to 200 [133]
Aspen-birchP. tremuloides-Betula papyrifera35-200 [30,173]
Quaking aspen (west of the Great Plains)P. tremuloides7-120 [7,60,112]
MesquiteProsopis glandulosa< 35 to < 100 [111,133]
Mesquite-buffalo grassP. glandulosa-Buchloe dactyloides< 35
Texas savannaP. glandulosa var. glandulosa< 10 [133]
Mountain grasslandsPseudoroegneria spicata3-40 (10**)
California oakwoodsQuercus spp.< 35 [7]
Oak-hickoryQuercus-Carya spp.< 35 [173]
Oak-juniper woodland (Southwest)Quercus-Juniperus spp.< 35 to < 200 [133]
Northeastern oak-pineQuercus-Pinus spp.10 to < 35 [173]
Oak-gum-cypressQuercus-Nyssa spp.-Taxodium distichum35 to > 200 [124]
Southeastern oak-pineQ.-Pinus spp.< 10 [173]
Coast live oakQ. agrifolia2-75 [57]
Canyon live oakQ. chrysolepis<35 to 200
Blue oak-foothills pineQ. douglasii-P. sabiniana<35
Oregon white oakQ. garryana< 35 [7]
Bur oakQ. macrocarpa< 10 [173]
Oak savannaQ. macrocarpa/Andropogon gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium2-14 [133,173]
ShinneryQ. mohriana< 35 [133]
Interior live oakQ. wislizenii< 35 [7]
Cabbage palmetto-slash pineSabal palmetto-Pinus elliottii< 10 [124,173]
Blackland prairieSchizachyrium scoparium-Nassella leucotricha< 10
Fayette prairieS. scoparium-Buchloe dactyloides< 10
Little bluestem-grama prairieS. scoparium-Bouteloua spp.< 35
Tule marshesScirpus and/or Typha spp.< 35 [133]
Elm-ash-cottonwoodUlmus-Fraxinus-Populus spp.< 35 to 200 [30,173]

Fire Management Considerations

Interactions with Herb Sophia

Interactive effects of native and exotic annuals, fire, and climate are poorly understood, and research is needed in this area. Although western tansymustard and herb sophia are taxonomically and ecologically similar, little is known of possible interference of native western tansymustard by exotic herb sophia in postfire environments. Limited studies are inconclusive. Floyd-Hanna and others[43,44] noted the presence of both species after the 1996 Chapin 5 Fire at Mesa Verde National Park. Herb sophia was more frequent on study plots than western tansymustard at postfire year 1. Herb sophia was not observed on study plots at postfire year 2, while western tansymustard increased. Tansymustard frequencies (%) on burn sites were as follows [44]:

Tansymustard frequencies (%) on burn sites 1 and 2 years after the 1996 Chapin 5 Fire at Mesa Verde National Park [44].
Cover typeWestern tansymustardHerb sophia
1997199819971998
Gambel oak/Utah serviceberry∗ mountain shrubland331160
Gambel oak-Colorado pinyon-Utah juniper124120
Colorado pinyon-Utah juniper227100
∗ Amelanchier utahensis

Interactions with Cheatgrass

On dry sites where fire or other disturbance has consumed the litter, western tansymustard may pioneer, building up litter for subsequent cheatgrass establishment [34,35]. Postfire climate may greatly affect relative coverage of annual species. West [177] noted that in the Curlew Valley of northwestern Utah, western tansymustard and clasping pepperweed were common in the extremely wet period of 1983-1984, an El Niño year. The 2 forbs dominated and were the main source of fuels in shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia) and Gardner's saltbush (A. gardneri) communities; bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides) dominated the understory of winterfat communities. Although cheatgrass typically follows tansymustard and other mustards successionally [138,139], during the El Niño event cheatgrass was "less abundant ... than it had been before or since." Cheatgrass dominated the site after El Niño passed [177].

Fire as a Control Agent

There are no published studies on using fire to control western tansymustard, but given its strong response to increased light and nutrients and open ground, fire alone is unlikely to provide control. If western tansymustard is already onsite in the seed bank, or as a few plants, fire is likely to increase the species' importance in the early postfire community.

Federal Status

None

Other Status

Western tansymustard is globally ranked as G5: demonstrably secure [48,126,169,176,195]. State and National Park rankings are as follows:

LocationRank
GeorgiaSR: Reported from the state, but without persuasive documentation [48]
Missouri (D. p. subsp. pinnata)SH: Historical. Has not been relocated within the last 20 years, but may be rediscovered [117]
New HampshireSX: Extirpated from the state [126]
New York (D. p. subsp. brachycarpa)S1: Critically imperiled because of extreme rarity (< 5 sites or very few remaining individuals) or extremely vulnerable to extirpation due to biological factors [195]
VermontS1: Very rare; generally 1-5 occurrences, believed to be extant, and/or some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to extirpation from the state [169]
West VirginiaSH: Historical. Has not been relocated within the last 20 years, but may be rediscovered [176]
Wyoming (D. p. subsp. paysonii)S2: Imperiled because of rarity (often known from 6-20 occurrences) or because of factors demonstrably making it vulnerable to extinction [167]
Devil's Tower National Monument, WyomingS3: Sparse (widely distributed but restricted to small, patchy habitats) [39]

Importance to Wildlife and Livestock

Western tansymustard is toxic to livestock, causing blindness, staggering, and loss of ability to swallow [98,130,158]. All parts of the plant contain poisonous levels of nitrate [41,158]. The seeds also contain isoallyl thiocyanates and irritant oils [41]. Continued ingestion of large quantities western tansymustard over long periods of time are required before symptoms appear. Livestock may consume western tansymustard in quantity if other forage is sparse [98].

Large grazing animal use of western tansymustard varies, but is generally heaviest for new growth. On the Jornada Experimental Range of south-central New Mexico, cattle grazed western tansymustard in March (31% of diet) and December (8% of diet) [62]. Cattle on the Arid Land Ecology Reserve of eastern Washington used it lightly in spring [168]. Desert mule deer in Arizona and New Mexico consumed western mustard lightly (1-5% of diet) to moderately (6-15% of diet) in winter and spring [99,155,156]. A review by Kufeld and others [102] notes Rocky Mountain mule deer use western tansymustard in spring, summer, and fall. Pronghorn in northeastern Colorado preferred western tansymustard in the spring, and ate it in trace amounts in summer [152].

Small mammals consume western tansymustard. Grazing rodents and lagomorphs eat western tansymustard [88,107,187]. Black-tailed jackrabbit in southern Idaho showed greatest use in August (12.4% of the total diet) and least in June (2.2% of total diet) [38]. Granivorous rodents also use western tansymustard. In sand shinnery oak-honey mesquite/threeawn (Quercus harvardii-Prosopis glandulosa/Aristida spp.) communities of New Mexico, capture/stomach analyses trials showed Ord's kangaroo rat, spotted ground squirrel, and northern grasshopper mouse ate western tansymustard seeds [13]. On the Arid Land Ecology Reserve, eastern Washington, western tansymustard seeds formed 8% of the Townsend ground squirrel diet [87].

Western tansymustard is a larval food for several species of butterfly [82] including the desert orangetip (Anthocharis cethura pima), a sensitive subspecies in Region 3 (Southwest) of the U.S. Forest Service [6].

Palatability and Nutritional Value

Western tansymustard is palatable and nutritious. In the Mojave desert of California, domestic sheep showed strong preference for western tansymustard early in the growing season [137]. In free-choice trials, Montana cattle preferred western tansymustard to herb sophia. From the rosette to bud stage, average protein and phosphorus content of western tansymustard in Montana was 22.4% and 0.38%, respectively [136]. Nutritional content of western tansymustard forage collected in the great Basin of Nevada and Utah was [157]:

NutrientContent
Cal/kg3,660
protein (%)27.2
carbohydrates (%)63.3
fat (%)0.5
ash (%)2.9
moisture (%)6.1

Cover Value

No information.

Value for Rehabilitation or Restoration of Disturbed Sites

Western tansymustard has little value for erosion control [55], but contributes to native species diversity and establishes easily on disturbed sites. Its seed was present in soil plugs collected in the Tahoe Basin of Nevada for restoration of riparian zones in that watershed. In the greenhouse, western tansymustard germinated from the soil samples, which were replanted on project sites [58]. The seed is commercially available (e.g., see [70]).

Other Uses

Western tansymustard seeds have a flavor similar to commercial black mustard (Brassica nigra) seeds, and are used as a spice [27]. Native Americans ate western tansymustard greens and made gruel and pinole from the ground seeds [91,143]. The Navajo used the ground seeds in baked goods [170], and the Pima made a beverage from the seeds [143].

Horticulturalists plant western tansymustard in butterfly gardens to attract orangetip, white checkered, and white cabbage butterflies [82].

Other Management Considerations

The greatest impact of western and other tansymustards to wildlands is probably their role in facilitating succession. See Successional Status for further information.

Grazing appears to favor western tansymustard in disturbed communities. Moderate grazing in late-seral communities may not increase western tansymustard cover, although the data are limited and further studies are needed. In west-central Utah, western tansymustard cover was similar (3%) in basin big sagebrush communities with moderate cattle grazing and without grazing (13-year exclusion) [179]. In southern Alberta, moderate to heavy levels of stocking in undisturbed needle-and-thread grass-blue grama prairie slightly increased western tansymustard; however, in old fields, western tansymustard cover was greatly increased on grazed plots compared to ungrazed plots. Cover (%) of western tansymustard was [29]:

PrairieOld field
GrazedUngrazedGrazedUngrazed
1.91.510.40.1

Western tansymustard can persist on open sites free of grazing or other disturbance. In a shadscale-winterfat community of west-central Utah, western tansymustard occurred on a variety of domestic sheep grazing treatments (exclosure, light, moderate, and heavy grazing; and early- to mid-winter vs. late-winter grazing, with intensity ignored). It was most common in exclosures, but was found on plots of all treatments [64]. In the Grand Canyon, western tansymustard occurs on sites with a long history of livestock grazing, and on relict sites that have never supported livestock and have seldom burned [150].

Western tansymustard may differentially affect seed production of desert shrubs in heavily grazed and ungrazed areas. On the Desert Experimental Range Station of west-central Utah, seed production of shadscale and winterfat was enhanced by presence of western tansymustard on sites that had not been grazed for >50 years, but depressed by western tansymustard on heavily grazed sites [45]. Mechanisms by which western tansymustard may have affected shrub seed production were not studied.

In a big sagebrush community of northeastern Nevada, western tansymustard, cheatgrass, and clasping pepperweed volunteered on post-wildfire rehabilitation sites that were contour ripped and seeded to crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum). However, seedling density of western tansymustard and exotic species was much greater on untreated burn plots compared to the ripped, seeded-in burn plots. Western tansymustard density exceeded that of cheatgrass on the untreated burns [153].

Western tansymustard is an agricultural weed [5,118] and an alternate host for beet leafhoppers, which transmit curly top virus to sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) crops [77].

Control: Western tansymustard does not usually persist in late-seral communities and may not require special control measures. Canopy closure, litter accumulation and/or growth interference from later-successional species tend to exclude tansymustard over time. Probably because it is a native invader that is largely controlled by succession, there is scant wildland-management interest in using resource monies to control western tansymustard with fire (see Fire as a control agent), herbicides, or other treatments.

Western tansymustard seedlings are sensitive to most herbicides at relatively low application rates. Glyphosate and 2,4-D give excellent control [165,182], as do many other herbicides [103,182]. Herbicide choice and rates are influenced by growth stage, stand density, and environmental conditions (e.g., drought or cold temperatures). Check with state or county weed specialists for appropriate local use rates and timing.

Table A1— Forest and range ecosystems, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) physiographic regions, Kuchler plant associations, Society for American Foresters (SAF) forest cover types, and Society for Rangeland Management (SRM) rangeland cover types in which this species occurs.

Forest and Range Ecosystems (Garrison et al. 1977)

  • FRES10 White-red-jack pine
  • FRES11 Spruce-fir
  • FRES12 Longleaf-slash pine
  • FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine
  • FRES14 Oak-pine
  • FRES15 Oak-hickory
  • FRES16 Oak-gum-cypress
  • FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood
  • FRES18 Maple-beech-birch
  • FRES19 Aspen-birch
  • FRES21 Ponderosa pine
  • FRES23 Fir-spruce
  • FRES28 Western hardwoods
  • FRES29 Sagebrush
  • FRES30 Desert shrub
  • FRES31 Shinnery
  • FRES32 Texas savanna
  • FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
  • FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
  • FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
  • FRES36 Mountain grasslands
  • FRES37 Mountain meadows
  • FRES38 Plains grasslands
  • FRES39 Prairie
  • FRES40 Desert grasslands
  • FRES41 Wet grasslands
  • FRES42 Annual grasslands [47]

BLM Physiographic Regions (Bernard and Brown 1977)

  • 1 Northern Pacific Border
  • 2 Cascade Mountains
  • 3 Southern Pacific Border
  • 4 Sierra Mountains
  • 5 Columbia Plateau
  • 6 Upper Basin and Range
  • 7 Lower Basin and Range
  • 8 Northern Rocky Mountains
  • 9 Middle Rocky Mountains
  • 10 Wyoming Basin
  • 11 Southern Rocky Mountains
  • 12 Colorado Plateau
  • 13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
  • 14 Great Plains
  • 15 Black Hills Uplift
  • 16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands [11]

Kuchler Plant Associations (Kuchler 1964)

  • K005 Mixed conifer forest
  • K009 Pine-cypress forest
  • K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
  • K011 Western ponderosa forest
  • K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest
  • K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
  • K024 Juniper steppe woodland
  • K026 Oregon oakwoods
  • K027 Mesquite bosques
  • K030 California oakwoods
  • K031 Oak-juniper woodland
  • K032 Transition between K031 and K037
  • K033 Chaparral
  • K035 Coastal sagebrush
  • K036 Mosaic of K030 and K035
  • K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub
  • K038 Great Basin sagebrush
  • K039 Blackbrush
  • K040 Saltbush-greasewood
  • K041 Creosote bush
  • K042 Creosote bush-bur sage
  • K043 Paloverde-cactus shrub
  • K044 Creosote bush-tarbush
  • K047 Fescue-oatgrass
  • K048 California steppe
  • K049 Tule marshes
  • K050 Fescue-wheatgrass
  • K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass
  • K053 Grama-galleta steppe
  • K054 Grama-tobosa prairie
  • K055 Sagebrush steppe
  • K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe
  • K057 Galleta-threeawn shrubsteppe
  • K058 Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe
  • K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
  • K060 Mesquite savanna
  • K061 Mesquite-acacia savanna
  • K062 Mesquite-live oak savanna
  • K063 Foothills prairie
  • K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass
  • K065 Grama-buffalo grass
  • K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
  • K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
  • K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalo grass
  • K069 Bluestem-grama prairie
  • K071 Shinnery
  • K072 Sea oats prairie
  • K073 Northern cordgrass prairie
  • K074 Bluestem prairie
  • K079 Palmetto prairie
  • K081 Oak savanna
  • K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
  • K083 Cedar glades
  • K084 Cross Timbers
  • K085 Mesquite-buffalo grass
  • K086 Juniper-oak savanna
  • K087 Mesquite-oak savanna
  • K093 Great Lakes spruce-fir forest
  • K095 Great Lakes pine forest
  • K096 Northeastern spruce-fir forest
  • K097 Southeastern spruce-fir forest
  • K098 Northern floodplain forest
  • K099 Maple-basswood forest
  • K100 Oak-hickory forest
  • K104 Appalachian oak forest
  • K106 Northern hardwoods
  • K107 Northern hardwoods-fir forest
  • K108 Northern hardwoods-spruce forest
  • K109 Transition between K104 and K106
  • K110 Northeastern oak-pine forest
  • K111 Oak-hickory-pine
  • K112 Southern mixed forest [101]

SAF Cover Types (Eyre 1980)

  • 1 Jack pine
  • 12 Black spruce
  • 13 Black spruce-tamarack
  • 15 Red pine
  • 16 Aspen
  • 18 Paper birch
  • 46 Eastern redcedar
  • 63 Cottonwood
  • 67 Mohrs (shin) oak
  • 68 Mesquite
  • 70 Longleaf pine
  • 71 Longleaf pine-scrub oak
  • 72 Southern scrub oak
  • 74 Cabbage palmetto
  • 75 Shortleaf pine
  • 76 Shortleaf pine-oak
  • 80 Loblolly pine-shortleaf pine
  • 81 Loblolly pine
  • 82 Loblolly pine-hardwood
  • 83 Longleaf pine-slash pine
  • 84 Slash pine
  • 85 Slash pine-hardwood
  • 102 Idaho fescue
  • 107 White spruce
  • 217 Aspen
  • 220 Rocky Mountain juniper
  • 233 Oregon white oak
  • 235 Cottonwood-willow
  • 237 Interior ponderosa pine
  • 238 Western juniper
  • 239 Pinyon-juniper
  • 242 Mesquite
  • 245 Pacific ponderosa pine
  • 249 Canyon live oak
  • 250 Blue oak-foothills pine
  • 251 White spruce-aspen
  • 255 California coast live oak [37]

SRM Rangeland Cover Types (Shiflet 1994)

  • 101 Bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 102 Idaho fescue
  • 103 Green fescue
  • 104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
  • 106 Bluegrass scabland
  • 107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 108 Alpine Idaho fescue
  • 109 Ponderosa pine shrubland
  • 110 Ponderosa pine-grassland
  • 201 Blue oak woodland
  • 202 Coast live oak woodland
  • 203 Riparian woodland
  • 204 North coastal shrub
  • 205 Coastal sage shrub
  • 206 Chamise chaparral
  • 207 Scrub oak mixed chaparral
  • 208 Ceanothus mixed chaparral
  • 209 Montane shrubland
  • 210 Bitterbrush
  • 211 Creosote bush scrub
  • 212 Blackbush
  • 214 Coastal prairie
  • 215 Valley grassland
  • 217 Wetlands
  • 301 Bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama
  • 302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass
  • 303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass
  • 304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 305 Idaho fescue-Richardson needlegrass
  • 306 Idaho fescue-slender wheatgrass
  • 307 Idaho fescue-threadleaf sedge
  • 308 Idaho fescue-tufted hairgrass
  • 309 Idaho fescue-western wheatgrass
  • 310 Needle-and-thread-blue grama
  • 311 Rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 312 Rough fescue-Idaho fescue
  • 314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue
  • 316 Big sagebrush-rough fescue
  • 317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
  • 319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue
  • 320 Black sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 321 Black sagebrush-Idaho fescue
  • 322 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 323 Shrubby cinquefoil-rough fescue
  • 324 Threetip sagebrush-Idaho fescue
  • 401 Basin big sagebrush
  • 402 Mountain big sagebrush
  • 403 Wyoming big sagebrush
  • 408 Other sagebrush types
  • 409 Tall forb
  • 411 Aspen woodland
  • 412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
  • 413 Gambel oak
  • 414 Salt desert shrub
  • 415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany
  • 416 True mountain-mahogany
  • 417 Littleleaf mountain-mahogany
  • 422 Riparian
  • 501 Saltbush-greasewood
  • 504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
  • 505 Grama-tobosa shrub
  • 506 Creosotebush-bursage
  • 508 Creosotebush-tarbush
  • 509 Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association
  • 601 Bluestem prairie
  • 604 Bluestem-grama prairie
  • 606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
  • 607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
  • 608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass
  • 609 Wheatgrass-grama
  • 610 Wheatgrass
  • 611 Blue grama-buffalo grass
  • 612 Sagebrush-grass
  • 613 Fescue grassland
  • 614 Crested wheatgrass
  • 615 Wheatgrass-saltgrass-grama
  • 703 Black grama-sideoats grama
  • 704 Blue grama-western wheatgrass
  • 705 Blue grama-galleta
  • 706 Blue grama-sideoats grama
  • 707 Blue grama-sideoats grama-black grama
  • 709 Bluestem-grama
  • 710 Bluestem prairie
  • 713 Grama-muhly-threeawn
  • 714 Grama-bluestem
  • 715 Grama-buffalo grass
  • 716 Grama-feathergrass
  • 718 Mesquite-grama
  • 719 Mesquite-liveoak-seacoast bluestem
  • 724 Sideoats grama-New Mexico feathergrass-winterfat
  • 727 Mesquite-buffalo grass
  • 728 Mesquite-granjeno-acacia
  • 729 Mesquite
  • 730 Sand shinnery oak
  • 731 Cross timbers-Oklahoma
  • 732 Cross timbers-Texas (little bluestem-post oak)
  • 733 Juniper-oak
  • 734 Mesquite-oak
  • 735 Sideoats grama-sumac-juniper
  • 801 Savanna
  • 805 Riparian
  • 810 Longleaf pine-turkey oak hills
  • 812 North Florida flatwoods
  • 814 Cabbage palm flatwoods
  • 816 Cabbage palm hammocks [154]

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