Echinochloa crus-galli, barnyardgrass
Esser, Lora L. 1994. Echinochloa crus-galli, barnyardgrass. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/echcru
| Abbreviation | Common Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plants | ||||
| ECHCRU | barnyardgrass | Echinochloa crus-galli | Life Form: Plants/Graminoid Kingdom: Plantae Class: Monocot Order: Cyperales Family: Poaceae Genus: Echinochloa | Fed. Protected: No Nativity: Nonnative Invasiveness: Invasive |
Taxonomy
The scientific name of barnyardgrass is Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (Poaceae) [16,19,45,80].
Synonyms
- Panicum crus-galli L.
Other Common Names
common barnyard grass
General Distribution
Barnyardgrass is a weed of Eurasian origin that occurs throughout the continental United States. It is also found in southern Canada from British Columbia east to Nova Scotia [19,27,39,57,63].
Distribution of barnyardgrass in the United States.
States and Provinces
- United States: AZ AR CA CO CT FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY DC
- Canada: DC AB BC MB NB NS ON PQ SK
- Mexico
Site Characteristics
Barnyardgrass is widespread in fields, waste places, ditches, marshes, wet meadows, floodplains and along lakeshores and streambanks [18,20,33,38,39]. It is locally common in floodplains, riverbottoms, and seasonally wet habitats [1,63,80], but also occurs in drier habitats [24]. Barnyardgrass is most often found on disturbed, generally nonsaline soils [25,53,63], but grows on a variety of soil types [38,53]. Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli is generally absent from sites that have greater than 12 inches (30 cm) of standing water for more than 4 weeks at a time [42,63]. It occurs in shallow water or after drawdown [63]. Barnyardgrass tolerates poor drainage and flooding, but not severe drought [7,31,44,60].
Barnyard grass growing in Missouri.
In California, barnyardgrass cosmopolitan weed of wet, disturbed ground and occurs in shallow water around the periphery of rice fields [1].
Elevations of barnyardgrass are as follows:
| State | Elevation (ft) | Elevation (m) | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arizona | 150–7,000 | 45–2,100 | [27] |
| California | <4,950 | <1,500 | [20] |
| Colorado | 4,500–7,500 | 1,350–2,250 | [19] |
| Kansas | 3,370–4,675 | 1,021–1,417 | [38] |
| Montana | 2,800–3,300 | 840–1,000 | [86] |
| South Dakota | 1,940–2,025 | 587–614 | [71] |
| Texas | 7,400 | 2,320 | [21] |
| Utah | 2,705–7,045 | 820–2,135 | [80] |
| Wyoming | 3,700–5,100 | 1,110–1,530 | [86] |
Plant Communities
In the Sacramento Valley of California, barnyardgrass occurs in wetland communities with swamp grass (Crypsis schoenoides) and bearded sprangletop (Leptochloa fascicularis) [47].
Barnyardgrass is found in the southern High Plains region of northern Texas and southern New Mexico. In this region, it is codominant with red sprangletop (L. filiformis) in wet meadow and prairie communities and is also found in shinnery communities [4,5].
Barnyardgrass occurs in temporarily flooded palustrine wetlands of the northern prairie and plains communities [26,83].
In eastern Colorado and western Kansas, barnyardgrass occurs in the plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides) riparian zone. Common associates include saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima), sandbar willow (Salix exigua), and Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) [38,60]. Barnyardgrass is also a member of saltcedar and willow-cottonwood communities in Arizona [55].
Barnyardgrass is the dominant species in some wetlands of North Dakota. Common associates include water plantain (Alisma triviale), American slough grass (Beckmannia syzigachne), needle spikerush (Eleocharis acicularis), hedge hyssop (Gratiola neglecta), and pale smartweed (Polygonum lapathifolium) [16,63].
In South Dakota, barnyardgrass occurs in mixed-grass prairie dominated by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), and needlegrass (Stipa spp.). Other associates include needleleaf sedge (Carex eleocharis), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) [37,71]. In tallgrass prairies of northeast Kansas, barnyardgrass occurs in communities dominated by big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii), little bluestem, and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) [14].
At Gettysburg National Military Park in Pennsylvania, barnyardgrass occurs in a variety of forest cover types as an understory species. Species associated with barnyardgrass not previously mentioned include white ash (Fraxinus americana), mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa), shagbark hickory (C. ovata), black walnut (Juglans nigra), eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), sassafrass (Sassafrass albidum), and red pine (Pinus resinosa) [85].
Botanical Description
Barnyardgrass is an introduced, nonrhizomatous, warm-season annual. Stems may be solitary or in small tufts, erect or reclining at the base, up to 6.6 feet tall (2 m) [16,28,39,52,80]. Leaves are flat, 4 to 12 inches (10-30 cm) long and 0.2 to 0.6 (5-15 mm) inch wide [18,19,27,46]. The panicle is 2 to 8.4 inches (5-21 cm) long, upright or nodding [19,46,68]. Barnyardgrass has a fibrous root system [39,49].
Barnyardgrass panicle.
Raunkiaer Life Form (Raunkiaer 1934)
- Therophyte
Seasonal Development
Barnyardgrass flowering dates for several states are as follows:
| State/area | Flowering dates | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Arizona | July–Sept | [27] |
| California | July–Oct | [46] |
| Colorado | Aug–Sept | [86] |
| Florida | All year | [84] |
| Illinois | Aug–Oct | [45] |
| Montana | June–Oct | [86] |
| Nebraska | Aug–Sept | [61] |
| North Carolina | July–Oct | [52] |
| North Dakota | July 15 | [65] |
| South Carolina | July–Oct | [52] |
| West Virginia | Aug–Oct | [67] |
| Wyoming | Aug–Oct | [86] |
| Great Plains | June–Sept | [16] |
Regeneration Processes
Barnyardgrass reproduces by seed. It is self-pollinating [51] and a prolific seed producer [28,44,68]. A healthy plant can produce from 750,000 to one million seeds [44]. Barnyardgrass seed is water dispersed [1]. Seed viability in soil is variable [10,44]. In Stoneville, Mississippi, in 1972, a 50-year study on longevity of buried seed of barnyardgrass was initiated. Seed viability was 1 percent after burial for 2.5 years; less than 6 percent of seed survived 6 months or longer [10]. However, according to Dawson [8], barnyardgrass seed may be viable in the soil for up to 13 years. In another study by Mitich [44], seed viability of barnyardgrass was 100 percent after 6 to 8 years of dry storage in irrigated sandy loam soil, and all seed was nonviable after 15 years. Watanabe [79] found that barnyardgrass seed germination rate was 27 percent after burial for 6 months and 3 percent after burial for 6.5 years. Barnyardgrass seed germinates over a wide temperature range, 55 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit (13-40 deg C), with optimum germination occurring from 68 to 86 degrees Fahrenheit (20-30 deg C) [53,62].
The buoyancy and hence dispersal by water of barnyardgrass seeds is probably influenced by their weight. A survey of seed weight [1] demonstrated that seeds of rice barnyardgrass (E. phyllopogon) were on average 2 to 3 times heavier than those of barnyardgrass (E. crus-galli). The lighter seeds of barnyardgrass exhibited greater buoyancy, with approximately 50 percent of seeds remaining afloat after 4 to 5 days in water. In contrast, 95 percent of rice barnyardgrass seeds had sunk after 5 days. Decay of dormancy in rice barnyardgrass is more rapid than in barnyardgrass following dry storage and burial in soil.
Successional Status
Barnyardgrass is a pioneer species that readily invades disturbed sites [63,68]. It is found most often in open, unshaded areas [25,44], and is intolerant of dense shade [44]. Barnyardgrass invades South Dakota rangelands and rapidly colonizes overflow and subirrigated range sites that have been denuded or disturbed in Nebraska [37,68]. In Idaho, barnyardgrass is an increaser species on periodically flooded sites along streams [58]. At a restoration prairie site in Ohio, barnyard grass established at the edge of an ephemeral pond that is subject to periodic flooding and drying [7]. In an old-field succession deciduous forest in southwestern Ohio, barnyardgrass was found growing in a 2-year-old stand, but was not present in stands 10, 50, 90, or 200 years old [56,74].
Immediate Fire Effects
Barnyardgrass is probably killed by fire.
Postfire Regeneration Strategy (Stickney 1989)
- No entry
Fire Adaptations
Barnyardgrass may colonize burned areas from soil-stored seed after fire. Fires that thin or remove canopy vegetation produce conditions that may be conducive to colonization by barnyardgrass.
Plant Response to Fire
No entry.
Fire Regimes
For fire regime information, search FEIS for this species by entering the species name or acronym on the home page and selecting “Fire Regime” as the publication type.
Fire Management Considerations
No entry.
Federal Status
None
Other Status
No entry.
Importance to Wildlife and Livestock
Barnyardgrass is readily grazed by livestock in Arizona and West Virginia, and can be cultivated for hay [27,67].
Seeds of barnyardgrass are eaten by songbirds, waterfowl, and greater prairie chickens [6,9,59,63,75]. Barnyardgrass is an important source of food and cover for waterfowl in the Sacramento Valley [47]. In the playa lakes of Texas and New Mexico, meadows dominated by barnyardgrass are important habitat for waterfowl and pheasant [4].
Palatability and Nutritional Value
Barnyardgrass produces fair pasture when grazed during early growth stages but becomes harsh and unpalatable at maturity [68]. It is palatable to sheep in Minnesota [40].
Barnyardgrass has fair to poor forage value for livestock [68]. In Minnesota, toxic levels of nitrate have been reported in barnyardgrass [40]. Nutritional values of sun-cured barnyardgrass in the milk stage are as follows [87]:
| Nutrient | As fed | Dry |
|---|---|---|
| Dry matter (%) | 84.2 | 100.0 |
| Ash (%) | 7.7 | 9.1 |
| Crude fiber (%) | 31.0 | 36.8 |
| Ether extract (%) | 1.8 | 2.1 |
| N-free extract (%) | 34.0 | 40.4 |
| Species | Digestible protein as fed (%) | Digestible protein dry (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Domestic sheep | 57.0* | 57.0* |
| Cattle | 5.9 | 7.0 |
| Goats | 6.2 | 7.4 |
| Horses | 6.2 | 7.4 |
| Rabbits | 6.4 | 7.6 |
| Sheep | 5.6 | 6.6 |
*Protein digestible coefficient
| Species | Energy type | Energy as fed (Mcal/kg) | Energy dry (Mcal/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cattle | Digestible energy | 1.95 | 2.31 |
| Domestic sheep | Digestible energy | 1.98 | 2.35 |
| Cattle | Metabolizable energy | 1.60 | 1.90 |
| Sheep | Metabolizable energy | 1.62 | 1.93 |
Cover Value
Barnyardgrass cover values are as follows [86]:
| Species | Utah | Wyoming | North Dakota |
|---|---|---|---|
| Upland game birds | Poor | Fair | Good |
| Waterfowl | Poor | Fair | Good |
| Small nongame birds | Fair | Fair | Good |
| Small mammals | Fair | Fair | — |
Value for Rehabilitation or Restoration of Disturbed Sites
Barnyardgrass has colonized desert riparian and wetland community sites along the Gila River in Arizona that were supplied by year-round flows of wastewater. If wastewater areas are managed on a permanent year-round basis, habitat rehabilitation and avian colonization may occur [55].
Barnyardgrass can be utilized for quick, temporary erosion control on coal mine sites in the eastern United States [75].
Other Uses
No entry.
Other Management Considerations
Generally, seed yields from barnyardgrass stands are reduced in 2 to 3 years because of competition with other weeds [43]. In Missouri, natural seeding of barnyardgrass was stimulated by periodic draining and flooding of a wetland site; a July 1 to September 15 drawdown produced an excellent stand of barnyardgrass which was utilized by waterfowl [6]. In California, draining barnyardgrass fields in the spring and disking them can benefit stands. At the Mendota Waterfowl Management Area, California, this practice has been used to perpetuate stands of barnyardgrass for up to 6 years. Barnyardgrass may harbor a virus-like disease of cereals [17].
Toxicity tests of effluents in water and sediment were conducted using the two varieties of barnyardgrass. Effluents from a sewage treatment plant, tannery, textile mill, pulp and paper mill, and coking plant inhibited germination, chlorophyll synthesis, and growth of barnyardgrass [77,78].
Table A1— Forest and range ecosystems, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) physiographic regions, Kuchler plant associations, Society for American Foresters (SAF) forest cover types, and Society for Rangeland Management (SRM) rangeland cover types in which this species occurs.
Forest and Range Ecosystems (Garrison et al. 1977)
- FRES15 Oak - hickory
- FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
- FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
- FRES28 Western hardwoods
- FRES31 Shinnery
- FRES38 Plains grasslands
- FRES39 Prairie
- FRES41 Wet grasslands
- FRES42 Annual grasslands
BLM Physiographic Regions (Bernard and Brown 1977)
- 3 Southern Pacific Border
- 5 Columbia Plateau
- 6 Upper Basin and Range
- 8 Northern Rocky Mountains
- 10 Wyoming Basin
- 12 Colorado Plateau
- 13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
- 14 Great Plains
- 16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
Kuchler Plant Associations (Kuchler 1964)
- K048 California steppe
SAF Cover Types (Eyre 1980)
- 20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple
- 22 White pine - hemlock
- 23 Eastern hemlock
- 28 Black cherry - maple
- 39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
- 52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
- 53 White oak
- 55 Northern red oak
- 57 Yellow-poplar
- 58 Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
- 59 Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
- 63 Cottonwood
- 67 Mohrs (shin) oak
- 110 Black oak
- 217 Aspen
- 235 Cottonwood - willow
SRM Rangeland Cover Types (Shiflet 1994)
- No entry
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