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Species Review

Geranium richardsonii, Richardson's geranium

Written
November, 1994
Contributors
L. Esser - 1st Author

Esser, Lora L. 1994. Geranium richardsonii, Richardson's geranium. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/gerric

DOI
10.2737/feis-species-review-gerric

AbbreviationCommon NameScientific NameClassificationStatus
Plants
GERRICRichardson's geraniumGeranium richardsoniiLife Form: Plants/Forb
Kingdom: Plantae
Class: Dicot
Order: Geraniales
Family: Geraniaceae
Genus: Geranium		Fed. Protected: No
Nativity: Native
Invasiveness: Noninvasive

Taxonomy

The currently accepted scientific name of Richardson's geranium is Geranium richardsonii Fisch and Trautv. [26,28,40,59]. It is a member of the Geraniaceae family. There are no recognized infrataxa. Richardson's geranium may hybridize with sticky geranium (G. viscosissimum) [20].

Synonyms

  • No entry

Other Common Names

Richardson's cranesbill, white geranium

General Distribution

Richardson's geranium is the most widespread native geranium (Geranium spp.) in North America [29,51]. It occurs from Alaska and the Yukon Territory south to California, Arizona, and New Mexico [30,59]. Richardson's geranium is also found in the Black Hills of South Dakota [25,30].

States and Provinces

  • United States: AK, AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NV, NM, OR, SD, UT, WA, WY
  • Canada: AB, BC, SK, YT

Site Characteristics

Richardson's geranium occurs in a variety of habitats including woodlands, forest openings, grasslands, meadows, and riparian areas such as stream terraces, alluvial benches, wet valley bottoms, and stream and lake margins [22,23,26,61]. It is most commonly found in moist areas [28,40,41,61].

Richardson's geranium grows best on moist to semiwet soils with good drainage [14,48,51]. It is moderately tolerant of drought [51]. It grows best on loam, sandy loam, and clayey loam soils derived from shale and limestone, but occurs on gravelly substrates as well [11,36,48,51].

Elevations for Richardson's geranium for several states are as follows:

StateElevationReference
Arizona6,500-12,000 feet (1,950-3,600 m)[30,33]
California3,960-8,900 feet (1,200-2,700 m)[26]
Colorado5,500-12,000 feet (1,650-3,600 m)[6,24]
Idaho5,900-10,500 feet (1,770-3,150 m)[61]
Montana2,880-7,400 feet (878-2,257 m)[22]
New Mexico8,000-11,800 feet (2,400-3,540 m)[1,13]
Utah5,725-10,675 feet (1,735-3,235 m)[51,59]
Wyoming5,900-10,500 feet (1,770-3,150 m)[61]

Plant Communities

Richardson's geranium occurs in a wide variety of forested habitat types, as well as grassland, meadow, alpine, and riparian zones [4,14,54,59,60].

Richardson's geranium occurs in both climax and seral communities. It is a member of the giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)-mixed conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada of California [3]. Richardson's geranium is abundant in the true pinyon-Rocky Mountain juniper (Pinus edulis-Juniperus scopulorum) habitat type of Utah [14]. It is an important understory species in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), blue spruce (P. pungens), white fir (A. concolor), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) habitat types of Arizona and New Mexico [1,18,35]. Richardson's geranium is a common understory species in subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce habitat types of the Intermountain West [6,31].

Richardson's geranium is found in seral quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)-dominated community types in Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, and Montana [2,34,36,39]. In Wyoming, Richardson's geranium occurs in spruce/field horsetail (Picea spp./Equisetum arvense) and spruce/sweet-scented bedstraw (Galium triflorum) riparian community types [60]. In wet meadows of Utah, Richardson's geranium is codominant with western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) [23]. Richardson's geranium is a dominant understory species in the subalpine fir/mountain bluebells (Mertensia ciliata) habitat type and in aspen-dominated communities of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado [13]. In Canada, Richardson's geranium is a member of the subboreal, aspen-dominated spruce zone [44].

The following publication lists Richardson's geranium as a community dominant:

  • A classification of forest habitat types of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado [13]

Species not previously mentioned but commonly associated with Richardson's geranium include sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), willows (Salix spp.), black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa var. hastata), narrowleaf cottonwood (P. angustifolia), thinleaf alder (Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), boxelder (Acer negundo), alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana), Utah juniper (J. utahensis), Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum), Rocky Mountain maple (A. glabrum), dwarf bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), grouse whortleberry (V. scoparium), red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea), rose (Rosa spp.), russet buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis), mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus), shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), common chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus), California brome (Bromus carinatus), Letterman needlegrass (Stipa lettermanii), Arizona fescue (Festuca arizonica), mountain muhly (Muhlenbergia montana), Ross sedge (Carex rossii), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratense), western meadowrue (Thalictrum occidentale), northern bedstraw (Galium boreale), western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium), and starry Solomon-seal (Smilacina stellata) [4,6,14,31,35,45].

Botanical Description

Richardson's geranium is a native, perennial herb 12 to 36 inches (30-90 cm) tall [21,24,29,40]. It grows from a stout, simple or branched, sometimes rhizomatous caudex [21,28,42,58,59]. Young plants (1-3 years) generally do not have rhizomes; older plants develop rhizomes in the upper 2.8 to 4.0 inches (7-10 cm) of soil [21]. Rhizomes are 1.2 to 6.8 inches (3-17 cm) long and arise from a stout woody taproot [51,58]. Leaves are 1.2 to 6.0 inches (3-15 cm) wide and 2 to 12 inches (5-30 cm) long [24,26,40].

In addition to rhizomes, Richardson's geranium has a fibrous root system that can grow from 24 to 28 inches (60-70 cm) deep [21].

Raunkiaer Life Form (Raunkiaer 1934)

  • Hemicryptophyte
  • Geophyte

Seasonal Development

Richardson's geranium flowering dates for several states are as follows:

StateDatesReference
ArizonaApril-Oct[30]
CaliforniaJuly-Aug[40]
Montanalate July[34]
UtahJune-Aug[21]
Great PlainsMay-Aug[20]

In the Intermountain West, Richardson's geranium flowers in July and early August and seed matures in September [51]. In Oregon, seed is produced in the fall and germinates in March. Dormancy begins in the second or third week of August and is complete after the first frost, in late September [21].

Regeneration Processes

Richardson's geranium reproduces by seed and rhizomes [21,51,58]. Bees are common pollinators, and flower beetles may also pollinate Richardson's geranium. It is an active ballist; seed is throw 3.3 feet (1 m) or more from the parent plant. Flower beetles may aid in dispersal. Seed does not remain viable for more than one winter [21].

Successional Status

Facultative Seral Species

Richardson's geranium occurs in seral and climax communities. It is shade tolerant, but also grows in some open habitats [14,27,31,36]. It is a facultative wetland species in California [47], and a facultative upland species in Montana [9]. Richardson's geranium is a common understory species in aspen community types, which are usually successional to coniferous climax types in subalpine forests of Colorado and the Intermountain region [8,14,36,37]. Richardson's geranium is a member of aspen stands of northwestern Wyoming that are 81 to 120 years old [31]. It is a facultative species in aspen and Douglas-fir forests of Utah [14]. In Utah, Richardson's geranium is present in seral stands of lodgepole pine [12]. It is a member of the scrub climax and forest climax communities of the Black Hills [25]. Richardson's geranium occurs in mature to climax subalpine forests in Utah, which are dominated by subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce [64].

In Utah, Richardson's geranium is a chief invader of cattle-grazed rangelands [16].

Immediate Fire Effects

Richardson's geranium is probably top-killed by fire. In north-central Colorado, two quaking aspen stands containing some lodgepole pine were prescribed burned in November, 1981. Richardson's geranium was present before burning in both stands, but only in one stand in postfire year 1 [62].

Postfire Regeneration Strategy (Stickney 1989)

  • Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
  • Caudex, growing points in soil
  • Secondary colonizer - off-site seed

Fire Adaptations

Richardson's geranium has rhizomes which may produce new stems after fire [21,58]. Richardson's geranium is a member of moist or wet subalpine fir-Engelmann spruce habitat types in Idaho and Wyoming which have estimated average fire-free intervals of about 330. Stands are susceptible to severe burns when drought occurs [66]. Richardson's geranium also occurs in communities characterized by more frequent fire, including lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) [65], subalpine fir [67], and quaking aspen [63].

Plant Response to Fire

Richardson's geranium may sprout from rhizomes following fire.

Fire Regimes

For fire regime information, search FEIS for this species by entering the species name or acronym on the home page and selecting “Fire Regime” as the publication type.

Fire Management Considerations

Since Richardson's geranium is considered an increaser species when grazed by cattle, fire plans to ensure Richardson's geranium seedling establishment or inhibition may have to be coordinated with grazing management.

Federal Status

None

Other Status

No entry.

Importance to Wildlife and Livestock

Richardson's geranium is a valuable forage species for livestock, deer and elk [9,55]. It provides forage for mule deer in wet meadows of Utah [12]. In mixed conifer forests of Arizona, Richardson's geranium is an important forage species for deer and elk on logged and unlogged sites [55]. In Montana, Richardson's geranium is utilized by deer, elk, pronghorn, upland game birds, passerine birds, waterfowl, and small mammals [9].

Palatability and Nutritional Value

Palatability of Richardson's geranium is rated good for sheep and fair for cattle and horses [9].

Richardson's geranium is rated good in nutritional value for elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer, poor for pronghorn and waterfowl, and fair for small mammals, small nongame birds, and upland game birds. Energy rating and protein content are poor [9].

Throughout the Intermountain region, nutritional value of Richardson's geranium is rated good to excellent for cattle and sheep during early growth stages, and poor to good in later growth stages [51].

Cover Value

No entry.

Value for Rehabilitation or Restoration of Disturbed Sites

Erosion control, short-term revegetation potential, and long-term revegetation potential are rated as medium for Richardson's geranium [9].

Other Uses

No entry.

Other Management Considerations

The effects of clearcutting on wildlife habitat were studied in a moist subalpine forest in central Colorado. Percent understory cover of Richardson's geranium before and after clearcutting was [11]:

Years after logging (1978-1982)Richardson's geranium understory cover
Before logging (1976)5.1
13.9
24.2
33.7
43.2
57.5

Richardson's geranium can withstand heavy grazing by cattle because of its stout woody taproot [51]. It is an increaser species and dominant forb on cattle-grazed rangelands in Utah. However, Richardson's geranium decreases on sheep-grazed rangelands [16].

Half of a 4-acre fenced plot in a subalpine grassland of central Utah was trapped from 1942 to 1950 to free it from pocket gophers. Pocket gophers in the other half were not disturbed. Richardson's geranium increased slightly in percent cover on sites where pocket gophers were present and also on sites where they were absent. Pocket gophers did not seem to influence the percent cover of Richardson's geranium [15].

Table A1— Forest and range ecosystems, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) physiographic regions, Kuchler plant associations, Society for American Foresters (SAF) forest cover types, and Society for Rangeland Management (SRM) rangeland cover types in which this species occurs.

Forest and Range Ecosystems (Garrison et al. 1977)

  • FRES17 Elm - ash – cottonwood
  • FRES20 Douglas-fir
  • FRES21 Ponderosa pine
  • FRES23 Fir – spruce
  • FRES26 Lodgepole pine
  • FRES28 Western hardwoods
  • FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
  • FRES35 Pinyon – juniper
  • FRES36 Mountain grasslands
  • FRES37 Mountain meadows
  • FRES38 Plains grasslands
  • FRES41 Wet grasslands
  • FRES44 Alpine

BLM Physiographic Regions (Bernard and Brown 1977)

  • 2 Cascade Mountains
  • 3 Southern Pacific Border
  • 4 Sierra Mountains
  • 5 Columbia Plateau
  • 6 Upper Basin and Range
  • 8 Northern Rocky Mountains
  • 9 Middle Rocky Mountains
  • 10 Wyoming Basin
  • 11 Southern Rocky Mountains
  • 12 Colorado Plateau
  • 13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
  • 15 Black Hills Uplift
  • 16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands

Kuchler Plant Associations (Kuchler 1964)

  • K005 Mixed conifer forest
  • K007 Red fir forest
  • K011 Western ponderosa forest
  • K012 Douglas-fir forest
  • K015 Western spruce - fir forest
  • K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
  • K017 Black Hills pine forest
  • K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
  • K019 Arizona pine forest
  • K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
  • K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
  • K022 Great Basin pine forest
  • K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
  • K031 Oak - juniper woodlands
  • K032 Transition between K031 and K037
  • K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
  • K052 Alpine meadows and barren
  • K063 Foothills prairie
  • K064 Grama - needlegrass – wheatgrass
  • K066 Wheatgrass – needlegrass
  • K098 Northern floodplain forest

SAF Cover Types (Eyre 1980)

  • 63 Cottonwood
  • 206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
  • 207 Red fir
  • 209 Bristlecone pine
  • 210 Interior Douglas-fir
  • 211 White fir
  • 216 Blue spruce
  • 217 Aspen
  • 218 Lodgepole pine
  • 219 Limber pine
  • 220 Rocky Mountain juniper
  • 235 Cottonwood – willow
  • 236 Bur oak
  • 237 Interior ponderosa pine
  • 239 Pinyon – juniper
  • 241 Western live oak
  • 243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
  • 256 California mixed subalpine

SRM Rangeland Cover Types (Shiflet 1994)

  • No entry

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