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Species Review

Koeleria macrantha, prairie Junegrass

Written
June, 2000
Contributors
K. Simonin - 1st Author

Simonin, Kevin. 2000. Koeleria macrantha, prairie Junegrass. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/koemac

DOI
10.2737/feis-species-review-koemac

AbbreviationCommon NameScientific NameClassificationStatus
Plants
KOEMACprairie JunegrassKoeleria macranthaLife Form: Plants/Graminoid
Kingdom: Plantae
Class: Monocot
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Koeleria		Fed. Protected: No
Nativity: Native
Invasiveness: Noninvasive

A photo of a small bunchgrass with reproductive stems growing much taller than the low leaves. Dry, rocky bare ground is visible around the plant, and a few somewhat straggly shrubs are in the immediate background, with conifers growing in the near distance.
A photo of low grasses dominating the vegetation on a gentle slope, with a variety of low forbs interspersed, some with yellow flowers. Small patches of bare ground are visible between plants.

A photo of a small bunchgrass with reproductive stems growing much taller than the low leaves. Dry, rocky bare ground is visible around the plant, and a few somewhat straggly shrubs are in the immediate background, with conifers growing in the near distance.
Photo Credit
Photo by Ryan Donnelly, iNaturalist.org, some rights reserved.

Prairie Junegrass growing in Mono County, California (CC BY 4.0).

Taxonomy

The currently accepted scientific name of prairie Junegrass is Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J. A. Schultes (Poaceae) [9,53].

Synonyms

  • Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. [47,55,56]
  • Koeleria gracilis Pers.
  • Koeleria nitida Nutt.
  • Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) Beauv. [9]

Other Common Names

Junegrass

General Distribution

Prairie Junegrass occurs from Alberta south to California and east to New Foundland and Arkansas [47,53,55,56].

States and Provinces

  • United States: AZ AR CA CO CT DE ID IL IN IA KS LA ME MA MI MN MO MT NE NV NH NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA SC SD TX UT VT WA WI WY
  • Canada: AB BC MB NB NF NS ON PE PQ SK
  • Mexico

Site Characteristics

A photo of low grasses dominating the vegetation on a gentle slope, with a variety of low forbs interspersed, some with yellow flowers. Small patches of bare ground are visible between plants.
Photo Credit
Photo by Thayne Tuason, iNaturalist.org, some rights reserved.

Prairie Junegrass growing in Richland County, Montana (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Prairie Junegrass is fairly cosmopolitan among prairie and grassland habitats of North America. A small percentage of prairie Junegrass cover is found within the majority of upland and high-prairie systems [38,90,122] in scattered stands [117]. Prairie Junegrass is normally found at elevations between 5,000 to 8,000 feet (1524-2438 m) [87]. Preferred sites are cool, semi-arid (xeric) [8,10,26], infertile grasslands and rock outcrops [27]. Annual precipitation requirements range from 16 to 21 inches (41-53 cm) [87] with 70% obtained during the growing season (August-September) [26].

The wide distribution of prairie Junegrass across several habitat types is consistent with its occurrence on many soil types [58,87]. A study evaluating ecological factors associated with production of grassland communities in western North Dakota found prairie Junegrass a member of several plant communities of different soils and vegetation [90]. Percent clay doesn't appear to have a great effect upon the presence of prairie Junegrass [58]. Steep slopes and well-drained soils with moderate to high water holding capacity are preferred [97]. Within sagebrush communities of Grand Teton National Park, a greater occurrence of prairie Junegrass was found on coarse textured soils [98]. An evaluation within the White Mountains of California found prairie Junegrass occurring on carbonate, noncarbonate, basalt, sandstone, and adamellite substrates, with a moderate affinity for noncarbonates [72]. A positive association with exchangeable Na was also found, along with a negative association to sandstone substrates and sites with high exchangeable K [72].

Plant Communities

Agropyron-Koeleria, in which prairie Junegrass is a dominant species, is one of the northern plains mixed-prairie climax communities [30]. Prairie Junegrass is also a climax dominant within mixed-grass communities of southern Alberta and an indicator species of lower- to middle-north facing slopes [32].

Prairie Junegrass is listed as an indicator or a dominant species in the following publications:

  • Plant communities of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon and southeastern Washington [50]
  • Plant associations of the Crooked River National Grassland [57]
  • Habitat types on selected parts of the Gunnison and Uncompahgre National Forests [68]
  • A preliminary classification of high-elevation sagebrush-grass vegetation in northern and central Nevada [77]
  • Plant associations (habitat types) of Region 2 [115]
  • Sagebrush steppe [128]

Botanical Description

Prairie Junegrass is a loosely-tufted, shallow-rooted, native grass of small stature. This cool-season perennial bunchgrass has long, mostly basal leaves [11,43,56,110]. The panicle is narrow and spikelike, except during spring flowering, when open [117].

Quantitative botanical characteristics are extremely variable depending upon sample location. The spikelike panicle can range from 1 to 7 inches (2.5-17.8 cm) in length [117] and is usually two flowered and compressed [54]. During flowering the spikelike branches are open [78]. The long, narrow, flat leaves range from 1.5 to 5 inches (3.8-12.7 cm) long from their basal point of attachment [117]. Prairie Junegrass's leaves are drought resistant and persist under dry conditions [33].

Prairie Junegrass has an average maximum rooting depth between 13 to 29.5 inches (33-75 cm) [29]. Root density decreases after 11.8 inches (30 cm), with the greatest concentration of fibrous roots found within the upper 1.2 inches (3 cm) [107]. Lateral spread ranges from 5.9 to 7.9 inches (15-20 cm) near the soil surface [29].

Raunkiaer Life Form

  • Hemicryptophyte

Seasonal Development

Prairie Junegrass has a wide distribution, so only a general description of seasonal development is given. Avoidance of growth during dry, summer months is ubiquitous [11]. Development is associated with rapid, early, spring growth [11,29] with maximum leaf growth taking place the first half of May [11].

MonthMature foliage height (%)
Mid-April65
End of May90
(Observed within sandhills region of Nebraska)

Flowering usually occurs late spring to early summer [52]. First appearance of flowers occurs in southern regions, flowering progressively later to the north and west [74]. Prairie Junegrass is one of the earliest grasses to flower in the southern United States [74].

Initiation of growth is correlated with soil temperatures of 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4°C) and air temperature just below 42 degrees Fahrenheit (5.5°C) [29]. Blaisdell [17] observed seasonal development of prairie Junegrass in southern Idaho over six years. Mean initiation of growth occurred at the beginning of April, 10 to 15 days after disappearance of snow (4/2). Flower stalks formed at the beginning of May (5/7) with a fully developed inflorescence occurring by June 1st. Flowers bloomed mid- June (6/17) with seed ripening occurring mid-July (7/10). Seed dissemination started mid-July (7/15) and ended mid-August (8/11).

Case studies have given the following as typical flowering months: [17,31,37,54,95]

LocationBeginning of floweringEnd of flowering
ColoradoAprilJune
IdahoMay-JuneJune-July
MontanaMayJuly
North DakotaJuneJuly
SaskatchewanJuneJune-July

Regeneration Processes

Regeneration is accomplished by seed, which ripens late summer to fall [110] and by sprouting from the residual plant [23,120]. Prairie Junegrass seeds are relatively small (4,000 gram-1 reported by Eddleman [40] and 3,125 gram-1 reported by Nernberg [83]) and of low viability [78,83,110].

Temperature, soil moisture and seasonality provide cues for germination of prairie Junegrass [40,104,112]. A comparison of germination and emergence of prairie Junegrass at 45 (7°C), 55 (13°C), 64 (18°C) and 80 (27°C) degrees Fahrenheit, showed the greatest % emergence at 64 degrees Fahrenheit (18°C) [104]. Blake [18] observed good germination within silt loam at 1/2 and 1/3 saturation. Prairie Junegrass also possesses the ability to germinate under periods of water stress. Germination responses were observed at water potential between 0 to 12 bars [40].

A seedbank evaluation of prairie Junegrass found that seed was infrequent or absent within sampled areas, although prairie Junegrass was a significant member of the plant community [112]. Seedbank germination response to seasonality was also measured. Prairie Junegrass showed no seedling establishment during early spring (May and June) [112]. Large peaks were observed during late summer and autumn [112].

The presence of mycorrhizae may have a significant (p< 0.05) positive effect on seedling emergence [51]. Neutral effects have also been reported [124].

Successional Status

Prairie Junegrass acts as a seral recolonizer of previously water-stressed areas [122] and played a leading role in recolonizing bare soil of mid-continental grasslands after the droughts of 1933 to 1940 [121].

Prairie Junegrass is part of seral western juniper sites [35]. Prairie Junegrass also occurs in several climax communities. See the Plant Communities section of this Species Review.

Immediate Fire Effects

Prairie Junegrass is usually top-killed or killed by fire. Fast-moving, low-intensity fires will consume above ground vegetation without damaging the plant's crown [101]. In general, late-spring burns are more damaging to prairie Junegrass than early-spring, late-summer, fall, or winter burns [113].

The root crown of prairie Junegrass may sustain immediate damage depending upon amount of heat transferred through the soil [36]. Meristematic tissue of most grasses is found at the ground surface in the root crown [101]. A study [36] in the southwest United States evaluated patterns of plant growth in relation to soil heating from wildfire in chaparral systems. Prairie Junegrass was found to have a strong negative correlation between heat load and sprouts.

Postfire Regeneration Strategy

  • Tussock graminoid
  • Caudex, growing points in soil
  • Secondary colonizer - on-site seed

Fire Adaptations

Prairie Junegrass is reported as showing little or no damage [129] to moderate damage [126] from fire. Perennial grasses possess growing points insulated near or below the soil surface [129]. The small stature of prairie Junegrass and coarse textured foliage aid in protection of these meristimatic tissue areas [129]. Possessing coarsely textured foliage and a small clump size also limits the potential for fire damage [129]. Coarse grasses like prairie Junegrass burn quickly, transferring little heat below the soil surface [120]. As a member of eastern Oregon grasslands, prairie Junegrass is considered a superior fire-resistant perennial bunch grass [126].

Fire survival strategy for prairie Junegrass is based upon seed germination and residual plant survival [23]. The extent of damage or benefit imposed by fire is highly variable. Response can vary according to fire severity, physiological state of plant, soil moisture, and season of burn [23,101].

Plant Response to Fire

Positive postfire vegetational responses are common for prairie Junegrass. Increased seedhead presence and height-of-inflorescence have been documented [41]. Annual burning of a native grassland in the aspen parkland of central Alberta caused a 40% increase in seedhead presence compared to unburned areas [5].

Prairie Junegrass's response to fire is related to season of burn, fire intensity, and postfire water availability [49]. Several studies evaluating the effect of fire on following season vigor report positive correlations [2,3,4,6,8]. Time required to acquire the approximate preburn frequency or coverage, is rapid, averaging 2 to 5 years [120].

Prairie Junegrass shows positive responses to fire. Fall and early-spring burns produce better responses than summer burns [4,62]. A summation on the effect of burn seasonality in eastern Oregon is given below [126]:

Burn SeasonChange in Basal AreaMortality
Mid-May-32%20%
Mid-June (Post-seed-out)-18%0%
Mid-Octoberapprox. -18%0%

Observations of prairie Junegrass populations two years after a spring burn were conducted in Galena Gulch within the Deer Lodge National Forest in western Montana. Burned sites experienced a 40% increase in prairie Junegrass occurrence [6]. Percent coverage of prairie Junegrass was evaluated in burned and unburned sites after a June fire in western Montana. Coverage was greater in the burned areas two years after the burn populations decreased, but maintained levels above the control stands [6].

SeasonAutumn 1977Spring 1978Summer 1978
Burn statusUnburnedBurnedUnburnedBurnedUnburnedBurned
Cover (%)1.61.51.42.41.53.0

An experiment was initiated in 1926 on a bluestem pasture in eastern Kansas to record effects of fire upon several ecological parameters. Fires were set the same times each year beginning in 1926: early-spring (March 20), medium-spring (April 10), late-spring (May 5) and late-fall (December 1). The response of prairie Junegrass to the burns from late June, 1928, to early July, 1933, are summarized below [4]:

Number of plants/year within 2 rods square - observed late June and early July

Burn date192819291930193119321933Mean
Fall1,2101,8642,1142,2831,7831,0801,722
Early-spring1,2961,4021,4651,3401,0024821,165
Medium-spring5745557561,031767523701
Late-spring1,0581,0521,5711,8181,0684471169
Check plot6191,0841,052992627181759

Prairie Junegrass density on all burn treatments except medium-spring, exceeded density on the 1928 check plot until 1933, when densities were low on early-spring and late-spring treatment sites as well [4].

An August burn in northeastern Oregon resulted in elevated postburn coverage for prairie Junegrass at 1 and 5 years after moderate and low severity burns. Moderate burns maintained 5% prairie Junegrass cover, near the preburn 3% coverage. The low severity burn showed an increase the 1st year from 2% to 9%, dropping to 4% the 5th year [61].

Average % composition for prairie Junegrass was observed under different burning regimes from 1928 to 1982 on a tall-grass prairie in Kansas. Winter (December 1) and early spring (March 20) burns highly favored prairie Junegrass (p<0.05) [113]. Burns at different times show degenerative effects [19].

Twelve to 15 years after prescribed burns in eastern Idaho, prairie Junegrass produced more herbage on burned than unburned sites. Production on 'heavy' burns (main stem of sagebrush consumed by fire) was less than on 'light' (only leaves consumed) and 'moderate' (leaves and small branches consumed) burns. Results in pounds/acre are [16]:

Fire SeasonYears postfireUnburnedLight-burnModerate-burnHeavy-burn
August129.414.213.310.7
September1532.843.653.436.8

On ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir communities in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon, prairie Junegrass cover and frequency in postfire year 4 were higher on prescribed burned sites than on thinned, thinned-and-burned, or unburned control sites. Prairie Junegrass was determined to be an indicator species for burned sites (P≤0.05). For further information on the effects of thinning and burning treatments on prairie Junegrass and 48 other species, see the Research Project Summary of Youngblood and others' [130] study.

The other following Research Project Summaries also provide information on prescribed fire use and postfire response of plant species including prairie Junegrass:

  • Effects of fall and spring prescribed burning in sagebrush steppe in east-central Oregon
  • Vegetation response to restoration treatments in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana
  • Seasonal fires in Saskatchewan rough fescue prairie

Fire Regimes

Fire regimes for plant communities in which prairie Junegrass occurs are summarized below. For additional fire regime information, search FEIS for this species by entering the species name on the Advanced Search page and selecting “Fire Regime” as the publication type.

Community or EcosystemDominant SpeciesFire Return Interval Range in Years (mean)
Pacific ponderosa pine*Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa1-47 [25]
interior ponderosa pine*P. ponderosa var. scopulorum2-200 [25]
Colorado pinyonP. edulis10-49 [25]
Mexican pinyonP. cembroides20-70 [115,116
Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir*Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca25-100 [25]
coastal Douglas-fir*Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii40-240 [25,79,94]
quaking aspen (west of the Great Plains)Populus tremuloides7-100 [48,75]
oak-hickoryQuercus-Carya spp.50-100 [1]
Texas savannaProsopis glandulosa var. glandulosa< 10 [25]
California montane chaparralCeanothus and/or Arctostaphylos spp.50-100 [25]
basin big sagebrushArtemisia tridentata var. tridentata12-43 [99]
mountain big sagebrushArtemisia tridentata var. vaseyana5-15 [127]
Wyoming big sagebrushArtemisia tridentata var. wyomingensis10-70 (40) [118,127]
mountain grasslandsPseudoroegneria spicata3-40 (10) [7]
plains grasslandsBouteloua gracilis and/or Buchloe dactyloides20-40 [25]
prairieAndropogon gerardii var. gerardii1-6 [66]

Fire Management Considerations

Burning, in general, has a positive influence on prairie Junegrass populations when conducted in early-spring and fall and followed by mean or above average annual precipitation [113]. Water availability after a burn is important for maintaining healthy postfire populations of prairie Junegrass. A fall burn and above average precipitation increased postfire prairie Junegrass density in a southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest [86]. The opposite was seen at a fall burn in North Dakota, but burned areas possessed a lower moisture content than unburned areas [11].

A study comparing fire tolerance and burn season found prairie Junegrass tolerant to burns conducted in May, June and November on a grassland in eastern Oregon [24]. Evaluations were made 1 and 2 years after the burn.

Federal Status

None

Other Status

Prairie Junegrass is endangered in Ohio [85] and Kentucky [64] and critically impaired in Louisiana [70].

Importance to Wildlife and Livestock

All classes of livestock and several wildlife species utilize prairie Junegrass [59]. Rapid seasonal development of prairie Junegrass provides good, early-spring forage for livestock. Studies document prairie Junegrass utilization by bighorn sheep, mountain goats, elk, white-tailed deer and mule deer [20,42,63,68]. Due to scattered distribution, prairie Junegrass does not maintain a significant role in the diet of most wildlife species. A review of mule deer foraging habits found fluctuations of use from little to moderate, directly related to percent availability of other preferred forage species [34,60,68]. Prairie Junegrass's ability to inhabit rocky soils and high elevations makes it a good food source for bighorn sheep [42,45,63]. Mountain goats feeding in similar habitats also utilize prairie Junegrass [45].

Prairie Junegrass is a key winter forage plant for ungulates of British Colombia prairies. However, it is ranked at low importance for coast deer, white-tailed deer, Roosevelt elk, Rocky Mountain elk, moose and caribou and at moderate importance for mule deer, mountain goat and bighorn sheep [20].

Palatability and Nutritional Value

Prairie Junegrass is palatable to all classes of livestock and wildlife species in spring, and in fall after curing [117]. Level of palatability decreases during seed production until curing is complete [117]. Palatability and degree of use by livestock and wildlife species are [37,81]:

AnimalColoradoMontanaNorth DakotaUtahWyoming
CattleGoodGoodGoodGoodGood
Domestic sheepGoodGoodGoodGoodGood
HorsesGoodGoodGoodGoodGood
Pronghorn—FairPoorFairGood
Elk—Fair-good—GoodGood
Mule deer—FairPoorFairGood
White-tailed deer——Poor—Good
Small mammals——PoorGoodFair
Small non-game birds——PoorGoodFair
Upland game birds——PoorFairFair
Waterfowl——FairPoorFair

Prairie Junegrass is rated poor in protein value and good in energy value [37]. Nutritional value in accordance with relative phenological stage is [81]:

NutrientHay, dryAerial part fresh, immatureAerial part fresh, matureAerial part fresh overripe
% dry matter100.0100.0100.0100.0
% ash7.87.88.17.7
% crude fiber34.225.838.641.0
% ether extract2.92.32.51.8
% N-free extract46.040.345.045.7
% protein (N x 6.25)9.123.85.83.8
% digestible protein - cattle4.818.12.81.1
% digestible protein - horses5.217.72.50.8
% digestible protein - sheep4.719.22.40.5
EnergyHay, dryAerial part fresh, immatureAerial part fresh, matureAerial part fresh overripe
Cattle DE1 Mcal/kg2.112.502.312.31
Sheep DE1 Mcal/kg1.992.592.442.47
Cattle ME2 Mcal/kg1.732.051.891.89
Sheep ME2 Mcal/kg1.632.122.002.03
Cattle TDN3 %47.856.752.552.3
Sheep TDN3 %45.258.855.356.0
1DE = Digestible energy 2ME = Metabolizable energy 3TDN = Total digestible nutrients

Cover Value

The short stature and scattered distribution of prairie Junegrass provide minimum coverage for larger birds and mammals. Relative coverage classifications for wildlife species are [37]:

AnimalMontanaNorth DakotaUtahWyoming
Small mammalsPoorPoorGoodFair
Small non-game birdsPoorFairGoodFair
Upland game birdsPoorFairFairFair
WaterfowlGoodPoorPoorFair

Value for Rehabilitation of Disturbed Sites

Prairie Junegrass can recolonize areas that have been subjected to severe water stress. Recolonization by prairie Junegrass provides protective cover to help subsequent post-drought, successional plant species growth [121].

Prairie Junegrass's ability to suppress invasive annuals is variable. Reestablishing prairie Junegrass populations, through greenhouse propagation and transplant, within an area overrun by annuals has been successful [72]. Borman and others [22] observed a weak ability to exclude annual weeds in southwest Oregon. When grown with the invasive Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus) under densities of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 m-2, emergence and seedling survival of prairie Junegrass were not affected [96].

Prairie Junegrass has the ability to revegetate areas of high soil disturbance. Sod obtained from a native rough fescue (Festuca scabrella) climax grass community (containing prairie Junegrass) in Canada was used to revegetate a steep-sloped ravine edge disturbed during road construction and community facility development [91]. Prairie Junegrass is a component in seeding mixtures designed for restoration of disturbed Fescue grassland sites within Glacier National Park [69]. A study evaluating secondary successional patterns in a big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) community in the Piceane Basin of northwest Colorado observed a positive response in prairie Junegrass vegetation cover after induced soil disturbance. Increased vegetation cover over a six-year period occurred after three different soil disturbance regimes [14]:

  1. Vegetation mechanically removed and soil scarified to 12 inches (30 cm)
  2. Topsoil and subsoil (C horizon) removed to 3.3 feet (1 m) mixed and replaced
  3. 2 layers, 3.3 feet (1 m), soil removed and replaced in reverse order (second layer on top)

Disturbance of sites with loamy surface soil and heavy clay subsoil by vehicle traffic and bison activity in Wood Buffalo National Park, Alberta, was associated with increased coverage for prairie Junegrass. Undisturbed sites showed 0.25 to 1.4% cover, disturbed 3.4 to 3.8% cover [89].

Larger numbers of seed for native species are finding their way into the market every year, with availability determined by demand [107]. A seed testing procedure for purity and viability of prairie Junegrass is under development [21]. Propagation of prairie Junegrass from seed can be difficult as shown by the study results below [84]:

StratificationDays to 1st germinationDays to peak germinationApproximate # of seedlings/oz
10 weeks (dry)13NAlow
10 weeks (moist)719low

Direct seeding and seedling transplant produced poor results. Transplanting year old plants had good results [84]. Seed stratification produced greater germination rates than dry storage, 58% to 18% respectively. Viability of seed dramatically decreased from 21% in 3rd year of dry storage at room temperature to 7% in the 6th year [18].

Other Uses

No entry.

Other Management Considerations

Obtaining prairie Junegrass seed from plants within similar environments (i.e. elevation, climate), may be significant for re-establishing vigorous populations. A correlation between genotype and phenotype of individuals from different habitats has been observed [95].

Grazing on prairie Junegrass populations has both positive and negative results [15,39,80,88,102,103]. Evaluations of grazing are difficult because growing conditions may prove more significant than grazing pressure. Important grazing considerations for prairie Junegrass include site characteristics (e.g., soil, elevation) [109], environmental conditions [69,105], growing season, and frequency [69]. A study comparing rotational grazing (1½ months spring and 1½ months fall every other year) and continuous grazing saw increases under both regimes; precipitation was above the long term average [103]. A study comparing rotational grazing and season long grazing on a native northern mixed-grass prairie of North Dakota was associated with positive responses in prairie Junegrass basal cover between the 1st and 4th year. Degenerative effects were seen in the 6th year [15]. Prairie Junegrass responds well to grazing and is more palatable in spring and fall [114,117]. In general, grazing conducted August through October is sustainable, if adequate moisture is available [24]. Maintaining a 3 inch (7.6 cm) stubble is recommended for seral communities of the Great Basin, Pacific Northwest and northern Great Plains [80].

The increased presence of invasive plant species in areas with prairie Junegrass has led to studies evaluating the use of herbicidal controls. Tordon and Transline were evaluated for control of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) on native grasslands. No negative effects were documented for prairie Junegrass and increases in native grass density were observed [93]. Tebuthiuron applied to control sagebrush in Idaho had no effect on prairie Junegrass canopy cover at application rates reaching 1.1 kg ha -1 [123].

Correlations between mycorrhizal associations and prairie Junegrass stage of development have been observed. Positive associations are seen within early seedling development [51]. In later developmental stages, a negative association was documented within several grassland communities. In the absence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) in low P soils, prairie Junegrass outcompeted big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii); t he opposite was true in the presence of VAM and P [52]. Suppression of mycorrhizal symbiosis increased the biomass of prairie Junegrass within a experimental tall-grass prairie consisting of big bluestem, purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea), speedwell (Veronica fasciculata) and tall blazing star (Liatris aspera) [124].

Table A1— Forest and range ecosystems, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) physiographic regions, Kuchler plant associations, Society for American Foresters (SAF) forest cover types, and Society for Rangeland Management (SRM) rangeland cover types in which this species occurs.

Forest and Range Ecosystems

  • FRES14 Oak-pine
  • FRES15 Oak-hickory
  • FRES18 Maple-beech-birch
  • FRES20 Douglas-fir
  • FRES21 Ponderosa pine
  • FRES26 Lodgepole Pine
  • FRES28 Western Hardwoods
  • FRES29 Sagebrush
  • FRES30 Desert shrub
  • FRES31 Shinnery
  • FRES32 Texas savanna
  • FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
  • FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
  • FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
  • FRES36 Mountain grasslands
  • FRES38 Plains grasslands
  • FRES39 Prairie
  • FRES40 Desert grasslands
  • FRES42 Annual grasslands [46]

BLM Physiographic Regions

  • 1 Northern Pacific Border
  • 2 Cascade Mountains
  • 3 Southern Pacific Border
  • 4 Sierra Mountains
  • 5 Columbia Plateau
  • 6 Upper Basin and Range
  • 7 Lower Basin and Range
  • 8 Northern Rocky Mountains
  • 9 Middle Rocky Mountains
  • 10 Wyoming Basin
  • 11 Southern Rocky Mountains
  • 12 Colorado Plateau
  • 13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
  • 14 Great Plains
  • 15 Black Hills Uplift
  • 16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands [13]

Kuchler Plant Associations

  • K005 Mixed conifer forest
  • K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
  • K011 Western ponderosa forest
  • K012 Douglas-fir forest
  • K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
  • K017 Black Hills pine forest
  • K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest
  • K019 Arizona pine forest
  • K022 Great Basin pine forest
  • K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
  • K024 Juniper steppe woodland
  • K026 Oregon oakwoods
  • K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
  • K030 California oakwoods
  • K031 Oak-juniper woodland
  • K032 Transition between K031 and K037
  • K033 Chaparral
  • K034 Montane chaparral
  • K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub
  • K038 Great Basin sagebrush
  • K048 California steppe
  • K050 Fescue-wheatgrass
  • K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass
  • K055 Sagebrush steppe
  • K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe
  • K058 Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe
  • K060 Mesquite savanna
  • K061 Mesquite-acacia savanna
  • K062 Mesquite-live oak savanna
  • K063 Foothills prairie
  • K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass
  • K065 Grama-buffalo grass
  • K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
  • K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
  • K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalo grass
  • K069 Bluestem-grama prairie
  • K070 Sandsage-bluestem prairie
  • K074 Bluestem prairie
  • K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
  • K076 Blackland prairie
  • K081 Oak savanna
  • K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
  • K084 Cross Timbers
  • K085 Mesquite-buffalo grass
  • K086 Juniper-oak savanna
  • K087 Mesquite-oak savanna
  • K088 Fayette prairie
  • K100 Oak-hickory forest [67]

SAF Cover Types

  • 14 Northern pin oak
  • 40 Post oak-blackjack oak
  • 42 Bur oak
  • 44 Chestnut oak
  • 46 Eastern redcedar
  • 66 Ashe juniper-redberry (Pinchot) juniper
  • 67 Mohrs (shin) oak
  • 68 Mesquite
  • 110 Black oak
  • 209 Bristlecone pine
  • 210 Interior Douglas-fir
  • 218 Lodgepole pine
  • 219 Limber pine
  • 220 Rocky Mountain juniper
  • 229 Pacific Douglas-fir
  • 231 Port-Orford-cedar
  • 233 Oregon white oak
  • 234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone
  • 236 Bur oak
  • 237 Interior ponderosa pine
  • 238 Western juniper
  • 239 Pinyon-juniper
  • 241 Western live oak
  • 242 Mesquite
  • 243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
  • 244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir
  • 245 Pacific ponderosa pine
  • 246 California black oak
  • 247 Jeffrey pine
  • 248 Knobcone pine
  • 249 Canyon live oak
  • 250 Blue oak-foothills pine
  • 251 White spruce-aspen
  • 255 California coast live oak [44]

SRM Rangeland Cover Types

  • 101 Bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 102 Idaho fescue
  • 103 Green Fescue
  • 104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
  • 106 Bluegrass scabland
  • 107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 108 Alpine Idaho fescue
  • 110 Ponderosa pine-grassland
  • 201 Blue oak woodland
  • 202 Coast live oak woodland
  • 206 Chamise chaparral
  • 207 Scrub oak mixed chaparral
  • 209 Montane shrubland
  • 210 Bitterbrush
  • 212 Blackbush
  • 215 Valley grassland
  • 301 Bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama
  • 302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass
  • 303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass
  • 304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 305 Idaho fescue-Richardson needlegrass
  • 306 Idaho fescue-slender wheatgrass
  • 307 Idaho fescue-threadleaf sedge
  • 309 Idaho fescue-western wheatgrass
  • 310 Needle-and-thread-blue grama
  • 311 Rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue
  • 316 Big sagebrush-rough fescue
  • 317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
  • 319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue
  • 320 Black sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 321 Black sagebrush-Idaho fescue
  • 322 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass
  • 323 Shrubby cinquefoil-rough fescue
  • 324 Threetip sagebrush-Idaho fescue
  • 401 Basin big sagebrush
  • 402 Mountain big sagebrush
  • 403 Wyoming big sagebrush
  • 404 Threetip sagebrush
  • 405 Black sagebrush
  • 406 Low sagebrush
  • 408 Other sagebrush types
  • 409 Tall forb
  • 411 Aspen woodland
  • 412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
  • 413 Gambel oak
  • 415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany
  • 419 Bittercherry
  • 421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose
  • 501 Saltbrush-greasewood
  • 502 Grama-galleta
  • 503 Arizona chaparral
  • 504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
  • 505 Grama-tobosa shrub
  • 509 Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association
  • 601 Bluestem prairie
  • 602 Bluestem-prairie sandreed
  • 603 Prairie sandreed-needlegrass
  • 604 Bluestem-grama prairie
  • 605 Sandsage prairie
  • 606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
  • 607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
  • 608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass
  • 609 Wheatgrass-grama
  • 610 Wheatgrass
  • 611 Blue grama-buffalo grass
  • 612 Sagebrush-grass
  • 613 Fescue grassland
  • 614 Crested wheatgrass
  • 615 Wheatgrass-saltgrass-grama
  • 701 Alkali sacaton-tobosagrass
  • 702 Black grama-alkali sacaton
  • 703 Black grama-sideoats grama
  • 704 Blue grama-western wheatgrass
  • 705 Blue grama-galleta
  • 706 Blue grama-sideoats grama
  • 707 Blue grama-sideoats grama-black grama
  • 708 Bluestem-dropseed
  • 709 Bluestem-grama
  • 710 Bluestem prairie
  • 712 Galleta-alkali sacaton
  • 713 Grama-muhly-threeawn
  • 714 Grama-bluestem
  • 715 Grama-buffalo grass
  • 716 Grama-feathergrass
  • 718 Mesquite-grama
  • 719 Mesquite-liveoak-seacoast bluestem
  • 720 Sand bluestem-little bluestem (dunes)
  • 721 Sand bluestem-little bluestem (plains)
  • 722 Sand sagebrush-mixed prairie
  • 724 Sideoats grama-New Mexico feathergrass-winterfat
  • 725 Vine mesquite-alkali sacaton
  • 727 Mesquite-buffalo grass
  • 728 Mesquite-granjeno-acacia
  • 729 Mesquite
  • 730 Sand shinnery oak
  • 731 Cross timbers-Oklahoma
  • 732 Cross timbers-Texas (little bluestem-post oak)
  • 733 Juniper-oak
  • 734 Mesquite-oak
  • 801 Savanna
  • 802 Missouri prairie
  • 804 Tall fescue [100]

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