Menziesia ferruginea, rusty menziesia
Habeck, R. J. 1992. Menziesia ferruginea, rusty menziesia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/menfer
| Abbreviation | Common Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plants | ||||
| MENFER | rusty menziesia | Menziesia ferruginea | Life Form: Plants/Shrub Kingdom: Plantae Class: Dicot Order: Ericales Family: Ericaceae Genus: Menziesia | Fed. Protected: No Nativity: Native Invasiveness: Noninvasive |
Taxonomy
The currently accepted scientific name of rusty menziesia is Menziesia ferruginea (Smith) [26]. In existence are two varieties distinguished by morphological variations and geographic location [25,26,32,33]:
- M. ferruginea var. ferruginea
- M. ferruginea var. glabella (Gray) Peck
Synonyms
- Menziesia glabella (Gray) Peck
Other Common Names
false huckleberry, fool's huckleberry, false azalea, menziesia, mock azalea, smooth menziesia, Pacific menziesia, skunkbrush, rustyleaf
General Distribution
Menziesia ferruginea var. ferruginea is found north along the Alaskan Coast, and south along the Pacific Coast to northern California, inland across the Cascades and Rocky Mountains to Wyoming [25,33].
Menziesia ferruginea var. glabella is distributed from British Columbia to Alberta, south to Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, eastern Washington, and Oregon; down the Columbia River to Mt. Hood and Mt. Adams, where the two varieties freely interbreed [25,27].
States and Provinces
- United States: AK CA ID MT OR WA WY
- Canada: AB BC
Site Characteristics
Rusty menziesia is a common shade-tolerant shrub, found predominantly on steep, northerly exposures with abundant moisture [17,20,25,26]. Rusty menziesia generally occurs from 3,300 to 7,500 feet (1,000-2,300 m) in elevation on 15 to 60 percent slopes [11,29,50]. Absence from extreme northern distributions may imply a limitation to cold temperatures. Rusty menziesia may be restricted to areas with adequate snow cover, which protects plants from winter desiccation [25]. In Oregon, rusty menziesia is typically found on high-elevation sites where frequent frost, heavy snowpacks, and short growing seasons are common [6].
The presence of rusty menziesia has been reported as being a particularly good indicator of site potential [13]. Rusty menziesia often grows under dense canopies, in openings, and on cut-over forest land, especially on well-drained slopes [53]. Mueggler [42] found the distribution of rusty menziesia in cedar-hemlock stands to be positively associated with low soil potassium content, and high organic matter content (5.6 to 8.0 percent).
Soils: Soil depth usually ranges from 17 to 70 inches (43-178 cm). Soils are generally derived from loam to sandy-loam pumice layers to a depth of 15 to 30 inches (38-76 cm) [6,11,24]. In central Idaho, soil acidity ranges from pH 5.1 to 6.2; litter depth can average at least 3.5 inches (9 cm) [6,11]. Effective rooting depth in Oregon is approximately 46 inches (117 cm) [6].
Plant Communities
Rusty menziesia is an understory dominant on moist, wooded north- and east-facing slopes of the montane to upper subalpine zones. Overstory components mostly include subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), Pacific silver fir (A. amabilis), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana), western hemlock (T. heterophylla), and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) [25]. Rusty menziesia's associates generally include blue huckleberry (Vaccinium globulare), smooth woodrush (Luzula hitchcockii), and on higher sites, white rhododendron (Rhododendron albiflorum) [33]. In Alaska, rusty menziesia is a common understory shrub in the coastal spruce-hemlock forest, often under a dense canopy. It also grows in the southern part of the boreal forest in white spruce (Picea glauca) and white spruce-paper birch (Betula papyrifera) stands [53].
Publications listing rusty menziesia as an indicator or dominant species in habitat types (hts), community types (cts), or plant associations (pas) are presented below:
| Area | Classification | Authority |
|---|---|---|
| AK | forest (cts) | Reynolds 1990 |
| ID (central) | forest (hts) | Steele & others 1981 |
| ID (northern) | forest (hts) | Cooper & others 1991 |
| ID (eastern & WY western) | forest (hts) | Steele & others 1983 |
| MT | forest (hts) | Pfister & others 1977 |
| OR: Mt. Hood & Willamette N.F. | forest (pas) | Hemstrom & others 1982 |
| OR: Wallowa-Whitman National Forest | forest (pas) | Johnson & Simon 1987 |
| WA: Mount Rainier National Park | forest (pas) | Franklin & others 1988 |
| WA: Gifford Pinchot National Forest | forest (pas) | Brockway & others 1983 |
Botanical Description
Rusty menziesia is an erect, deciduous shrub 3.3 to 6.6 feet (1-2 m) tall. Ovate-elliptic to elliptic-obovate leaves are 1.5 to 2.5 inches (4-6 cm) long and exude a skunky odor when crushed. Rusty menziesia has scaly bark on older branches, while the young twigs are covered with fine hair [20]. The fruits are oval capsules containing many seeds 0.20 to 0.28 inch (5-7 mm) long. The leaves and stems of this shrub are sticky to the touch [25,26,44].
Rusty menziesia decreases in height with increasing elevation. This would imply that rusty menziesia's height is generally at its maximum on western hemlock sites, and at its minimum on mountain hemlock and subalpine fir sites [34].
Raunkiaer Life Form (Raunkiaer 1934)
- Phanerophyte
Seasonal Development
Rusty menziesia flowers from late May through July; capsules mature in July and August [53]. Leaves expand rapidly in early June at the time flowers open and begin to senesce in mid-August and September at high elevations in southern British Columbia [10]. Rusty menziesia has been found to live at least 30 years in northern forests [1].
Regeneration Processes
Seed production and dispersal: Numerous small seeds are produced in capsules which dehisce naturally at maturity. Seeds are wind or gravity dispersed.
Vegetative Reproduction: Rusty menziesia sprouts from root crowns and adventitious stem buds after destruction of aboveground parts. When covered with ash from Mt. St. Helen's, rusty menziesia produced adventitious roots [3]. This plant also appears to be capable of layering. Layering is an effective means of growth and expansion at high elevations where heavy snowpacks press rusty menziesia branches close to the ground [10]. On steep slopes, rusty menziesia tends to grow downhill with the tips of its branches ascending [35].
Successional Status
Rusty menziesia is most always associated with cold, wet habitat types. Rusty menziesia is very shade tolerant. It can persist in heavily shaded forests where light levels are typically 5 percent of full sunlight. Alaback [1] reported that rusty menziesia decreased in biomass productivity in Alaskan spruce-hemlock forests over 30 years of age. Rusty menziesia biomass was lowest in stands 31 to 130 years old, but after this period increased. In western Montana, burning increased rusty menziesia fourfold from immature stands (less than 90 years) to old stands (greater than 150 years) [2].
Immediate Fire Effects
Rusty menziesia is very susceptible to fire-kill. Moderate to severe fires reduce survival and slow redevelopment [44]. Wildfires apparently removed rusty menziesia totally from experimental plots in Washington and Oregon for up to 16 years [58].
Postfire Regeneration Strategy (Stickney 1989)
- Survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
Fire Adaptations
Rusty menziesia is a fire-sensitive species [51]. It responds to fire by sprouting from the root crown [38].
Plant Response to Fire
In western Montana, Stickney [51] found that postfire survival of rusty menziesia was poor; rusty menziesia was very slow to redevelop after fire, especially in areas that had been intensely burned. The average percent cover of rusty menziesia doubled from unburned plots to lightly burned plots, and tripled from moderately burned plots in western Montana [48]. Another study found rusty menziesia to increase its density of aboveground parts the first year after burning [37]. Model projections predict that rusty menziesia will reach a height of 2.4 feet (.73 m) 2 years after a burn, and that the average height of rusty menziesia will peak at 5.1 to 5.6 feet (1.5-1.7 m) 20 to 25 years after burning [34]. Mueggler [42], however, found no significant difference in cover and frequency between burned and unburned sites in northern Idaho.
The following Research Project Summaries provide information on prescribed fire use and postfire response of plant community species including rusty menziesia:
- Vegetation response to restoration treatments in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana
- Revegetation in a subalpine fir forest after logging and fire in central British Columbia
Hamilton's Research Papers (Hamilton 2006a, Hamilton 2006b) also provide information on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant species, including rusty menziesia, that was not available when this species review was originally written.
Fire Regimes
Since rusty menziesia is indicative of cool, moist sites, fire plays a minor role in its development. Barrett and Arno [4] found that the subalpine fir/rusty menziesia cover type in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, Idaho, had a mean fire interval of 174 to 181 years, achieving lethal/nonuniform fire behavior.
For additional fire regime information, search FEIS for this species by entering the species name on the Advanced Search page and selecting “Fire Regime” as the publication type.
Fire Management Considerations
No entry.
Federal Status
No special status.
Other Status
No entry.
Importance to Wildlife and Livestock
Rusty menziesia's value to wildlife is primarily as food. In Idaho and Montana, elk used rusty menziesia in considerable amounts in July, and to a lesser extent in October. Elk rarely eat rusty menziesia when it occurs with more palatable browse species. Menziesia filled a browse requirement during July when elk were primarily on an herbaceous diet in western Montana and Idaho [14,54]. Mule deer use rusty menziesia moderately in summer and fall in the western states [31]. Rusty menziesia accounted for over 15 percent of the summer moose diet in the spruce-fir cover types of Jackson Hole, Wyoming [28]. Alaskan spruce grouse use small amounts of rusty menziesia capsules in their October diet [15]. Following a burn treatment in western Montana, rusty menziesia came back as an important source of fruits and seeds used by rodents such as deer mice, chipmunks, and voles [21].
Palatability and Nutritional Value
The palatability of rusty menziesia is generally rated poor. This shrub provides fair summer browse for deer and elk [35]. Rusty menziesia's palatability was considered very low for moose in Jackson Hole, Wyoming [23].
Nutrient value of rusty menziesia is considered poor to medium [20]. Rusty menziesia contains toxic resinoids that are known to cause livestock losses when leaves and roots are eaten [43].
Mean values of percent composition of macro- and micronutrients for rusty menziesia are as follows [22]:
Macronutrients:
| Nutrient | Leaves (% dry weight) | Stems (% dry weight) |
|---|---|---|
| N | 2.48 | 1.18 |
| P | 0.24 | 0.15 |
| K | 1.19 | 0.85 |
| Ca | 0.62 | 0.35 |
| Mg | 0.40 | 0.17 |
| Na | 0.47 | 0.09 |
Micronutrients:
| Nutrient | Leaves (% dry weight) | Stems (% dry weight) |
|---|---|---|
| Cu | 10.0 | 11.8 |
| Mn | 16,656 | 7139.2 |
| Fe | 62.0 | 22.8 |
| Zn | 86.6 | 40.5 |
Cover Value
Rusty menziesia provides shelter and cover for a variety of wildlife species. Dense thickets provide good cover for many small birds and mammals.
Value for Rehabilitation or Restoration of Disturbed Sites
No entry.
Other Uses
Rusty menziesia is a desirable ornamental due its crimson-orange autumn foliage [26].
Other Management Considerations
Rusty menziesia is mostly threatened by logging activities. Following clearcutting of Pacific silver fir and mountain hemlock, rusty menziesia exhibits a difficult time regenerating [6]. In northwestern Montana, rusty menziesia decreased considerably from its high abundance following a clearcut in an old-growth stand [2]. Soil layers restricting root growth and high water tables are common enough that compaction or erosion-causing activities should be carefully controlled [6].
There appears to be little destruction of mature rusty menziesia plants in spruce-fir forests when selective logging is done during the winter [9]. If rusty menziesia is a major component of the mature forest understory, it will continue to dominate the postharvest plant community [10].
Mechanical site preparation: Coates [8] found that recovery of rusty menziesia on Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir sites after clipping and mechanical scarification was very limited and confined to the production of new shoots from buds on old stems rather than from basal sprouts or suckers. Two seasons after cutting, new shoots had not reached the height of precut stems, and did not overtop spruce or pine seedlings planted at the time of cutting.
Table A1— Forest and range ecosystems, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) physiographic regions, Kuchler plant associations, Society for American Foresters (SAF) forest cover types, and Society for Rangeland Management (SRM) rangeland cover types in which this species occurs.
Forest and Range Ecosystems (Garrison et al. 1977)
- FRES20 Douglas-fir
- FRES22 Western white pine
- FRES23 Fir – spruce
- FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
- FRES25 Larch
BLM Physiographic Regions (Bernard and Brown 1977)
- 1 Northern Pacific Border
- 2 Cascade Mountains
- 4 Sierra Mountains
- 5 Columbia Plateau
- 8 Northern Rocky Mountains
- 9 Middle Rocky Mountains
Kuchler Plant Associations (Kuchler 1964)
- K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
- K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
- K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
- K004 Fir - hemlock forest
- K012 Douglas-fir forest
- K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
- K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
- K015 Western spruce - fir forest
SAF Cover Types (Eyre 1980)
- 205 Mountain hemlock
- 206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
- 210 Interior Douglas-fir
- 212 Western larch
- 213 Grand fir
- 215 Western white pine
SRM Rangeland Cover Types (Shiflet 1994)
- No entry
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