Ribes cereum, wax currant
Marshall, K. Anna. 1995. Ribes cereum, wax currant. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/ribcer
| Abbreviation | Common Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plants | ||||
| RIBCER | wax currant | Ribes cereum | Life Form: Plants/Shrub Kingdom: Plantae Class: Dicot Order: Rosales Family: Grossulariaceae Genus: Ribes | Fed. Protected: No Nativity: Native Invasiveness: Noninvasive |
Taxonomy
The currently accepted scientific name for wax currant is Ribes cereum Dougl. [19]. It is a member of the gooseberry family (Grossulariaceae). Kartesz [21] recognized the following three varieties:
- R. cereum var. cereum Dougl. (wax currant)
- R. cereum var. colubrinum C. L. Hitchc. (wax currant)
- R. cereum var. pedicellare Brewer & S. Wats. (whisky currant)
Synonyms
None
Other Common Names
whisky currant
General Distribution
The distribution of wax currant ranges from central and eastern British Columbia south to the Sierra Nevada, northern Arizona, and northern New Mexico [29,30,47].
States and Provinces
- United States: AZ, CA, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY
- Canada: BC
Site Characteristics
Wax currant commonly occurs on dry, open slopes, ridges, and rock outcrops at elevations from 4,950 to 13,200 feet (1,500-4,000 m) [7,18,19,28,29].
Wax currant grows on a variety of substrates. In Montana, wax currant grows in soils that range from sandy to clayey [8]. In Baker's cypress communities (California and Oregon), wax currant occurs on serpentine soils or on lava flows where only a superficial layer of soil has accumulated [13]. At Lava Beds National Monument in California, wax currant grows on rocky basalt lava flows [14].
Climate varies throughout the range of wax currant. Lava Beds National Monument exhibits a modified maritime climate with warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Average annual precipitation is 13.6 inches (340 mm). The daily mean high temperature in July is 80.6 degrees Fahrenheit (27 ° C) and in January, the daily mean low temperature is 21.2 degrees Fahrenheit (-6 ° C) [43]. In the Cache la Poudre River drainage in Colorado, climate is characterized by cold winters and warm spring and summer months. Mean annual precipitation is 14.92 inches (373 mm). Most of the precipitation occurs between April and September. The mean temperature in January, the coldest month, is 26.1 degrees Fahrenheit (-3.3 °C), and in July the mean temperature is 69.26 degrees Fahrenheit (20.7 ° C) [36].
Plant Communities
Wax currant, Bears Ears National Monument, San Juan County, Utah. (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Wax currant occurs in open, coniferous forests, at forest edges, and in mountain shrub communities.
In addition to the plant associations and cover types listed in Table A1, wax currant occurs in the Bebb willow (Salix bebbiana) community type in the northwestern third of New Mexico [42]. In the Siskiyou and Cascade ranges and the Sierra Nevada, wax currant occurs with Baker's cypress (Cupressus bakeri) at several disjunct locations [13].
Species commonly associated with wax currant but not previously mentioned include sugar pine (P. lambertiana), Washoe pine (P. washoensis) [6,7,27,29,34], Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum), sierra chinkapin (Castanopsis sempervirens), rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.), ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus), skunkbrush sumac (Rhus trilobata), white spiraea (Spiraea betulifolia), snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.) [7,8,9,38,39], pine grass (Calamagrostis rubescens), Arizona festuce (Festuca arizonica), needlegrass (Stipa spp.), Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), sweetcicely (Osmorhiza berteroi), mountain muhly (Muhlenbergia montana), prairie Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), Great Basin wildrye (Leymus cinereus), bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), white mountain sedge (Carex geophila), elk sedge (C. geyeri), and Ross' sedge (C. rossii) [6,7,24,35,39].
Botanical Description
Wax currant being pollinated by a bumblebee, Los Padres National Forest, California. (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Wax currant is a native, deciduous, nonrhizomatous shrub growing from 1.65 to 4.95 feet (0.5-1.5 m) tall [30]. Its numerous branches are smooth-barked. The small, orbicular, three- to five-lobed leaves are 0.2 to 1 inch (0.5-2.5 cm) long and 0.28 to 2 inches (0.7-5 cm) wide [28,47]. Short-stalked, tubular flowers form drooping clusters [18,28]. Globose berries about 0.48 inch (1.2 cm) in diameter contain numerous seeds [20,28].
Raunkiaer Life Form (Raunkiaer 1934)
- Phanerophyte
Seasonal Development
Wax currant flowers from April to June, and the fruit ripens by August [30,46].
Regeneration Processes
Wax currant reproduces mainly by seed. Its ability to sprout from the root crown is described in the literature as "weak" [6,7,11]. In east-central Idaho, Peek and others [51] observed wax currant sprouting 2 years after a low-severity, prescribed fire.
Shrubs of Ribes spp. begin fruiting after 3 years [1]. Seeds require scarification to germinate [38,39]. Many seeds fall beneath the parent plant; they are also dispersed by birds and mammals. Fallen seeds remain viable in the soil and duff for many years [38,39]. Low-severity fire may promote germination of soil-stored seed [6,7,11,17].
Successional Status
Wax currant is shade intolerant [38,39]. Although it sometimes grows in open coniferous forests, it occurs most often and grows most vigorously on sites without forest canopy.
In central Idaho, wax currant is considered an early seral species within Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) habitat types. It is one of the first shrubs to dominate well-scarified sites but declines when a canopy taller than its own develops. A few wax currant may remain present to the midseral stage. Wax currant shrubs having relatively dense canopies provide favorable microsites for Douglas-fir seedlings [38,39].
In the Bitterroot Mountains of Idaho, Ribes spp. play an important role in secondary succession. Their roots stabilize the soil, and their foliage may shelter fir (Abies spp.), spruce (Picea spp.), and western white pine (Pinus monticola) seedlings [26].
Immediate Fire Effects
Fire usually kills wax currant [6,7,11].
In Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, low-severity prescription fires conducted during the spring and fall of 1979 resulted in decreases in Ribes spp. during postfire years 1 and 2. Weather conditions were as follows [3]:
| Season | Wind speed mi/h (km/h) | Temperature °F (°C) | Relative humidity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fall burn | 10 (16) | 58 (14.4) | 45 |
| Spring burn | 5 (8) | 57 (13.9) | 32 |
Prefire and postfire values for Ribes spp. on experimental (burned) and control (unburned) plots were as follows [3]:
| Time since fire | Number of plants (density) | Mean max. height (cm) | Mean max. crown width (cm) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental | Control | Experimental | Control | Experimental | Control | |
| Prefire | 299 | 21 | 34.6 | 37.2 | 32.2 | 33.9 |
| Postfire 1 year | 112 | 27 | 18.4 | 34.6 | 16.5 | 37.4* |
| Postfire 2 years | 73 | 25 | 25.3 | 41.0 | 20.1 | 35.6* |
| *Indicates that value for control plot was significantly greater than value for experimental plot (p<0.05). | ||||||
Postfire Regeneration Strategy (Stickney 1989)
- Shrub without adventitious-bud root crown
- Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Fire Adaptations
Wax currant regeneration is favored by short-duration, low-severity fire because soil-stored seed requires scarification to germinate. Most wax currant plants are severely damaged or killed by fire. The ability of wax currant to sprout after fire is described in the literature as "weak" [6,7,11].
Germination after severe fire is described for one site containing wax currant in the Stanislaus National Forest, California. Except for two or three wax currant plants, all Ribes were R. roezli. Ribes spp. developed more rapidly and fruited earlier on "intensely burned" areas than in partially burned thickets [32].
Plant Response to Fire
Wax currant seedlings establish after fire. After low-severity, prescribed fire in a California red fir (Abies magnifica) forest of King's Canyon National Park, California, wax currant seedlings established; there were no shrubs on the site before the fire [23]. In Stanislaus National Forest, California, a large and vigorous population of Ribes spp., including two or three wax currant plants, "promptly developed" after a 1.5-acre, human-caused fire in August of 1936 [32]. In Winema National Forest, Oregon, Burton and Black [10] reported the presence of wax currant in early, seral postfire vegetation dominated by annual and perennial grasses and annual forbs. Prefire vegetation was characterized as a ponderosa pine/bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata)/needlegrass (Stipa occidentalis) community.
In east-central Idaho, Peek and others [51] observed wax currant sprouting 2 years after a low-severity prescribed fire.
Fire Regimes
For fire regime information, search FEIS for this species by entering the species name on the Advanced Search page and selecting “Fire Regime” as the publication type.
Fire Management Considerations
In the Blacktail Hills of central Montana, the crude protein content of wax currant twigs and foliage increased by 4.2 to 9.8 percent after spring prescribed fires of varying fireline intensities [22].
In north-central Colorado, fire treatments applied with a flamegun during the growing season decreased the production of annual growth in wax currant for 2 years following treatment. Treatments applied during the dormant season had little or no effect on wax currant production [48].
A wildfire burned through mixed pine-fir forests in the Sierra Nevada in 1960. Effects of postfire treatments are described by Bock and others [5]. Little or no management action took place after fire on control plots. On "plantation" plots, brush and dead trees were piled and burned, Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) seedlings were planted in postfire year 5, and herbicide was applied to kill shrubs in postfire years 11 and 12. In postfire year 15, the plantation plots had a significantly greater (p<0.001) number of wax currant plants than the control plots.
Shelter and food for wildlife and forage for livestock can be improved with prescribed fire in habitats where wax currant occurs. Fire prescriptions for grasslands invaded by Douglas-fir in west-central and southwestern Montana are described [17]. Fire prescriptions for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas-fir communities in the Intermountain West are also described [50].
Federal Status
None
Other Status
Ribes cereum var. colubrinum is listed as imperiled to critically imperiled in the state of Washington [52].
Importance to Wildlife and Livestock
Wax currant provides food and cover for wildlife [30]. It is only fair to poor browse for deer, but it is important on ranges where little else is available [28]. In Oregon, pocket gophers fed on wax currant during the dormant season (December - March). Chickadees and other birds consume the fruit of wax currant [31].
Wax current is fair to poor browse for livestock [28].
Palatability and Nutritional Value
The palatability of wax currant to livestock is rated as follows [12]:
| Animal | CO | MT | UT | WY |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cattle | fair | poor | poor | fair |
| Sheep | good | fair | fair | good |
| Horses | fair | poor | poor | fair |
In north-central Colorado, the new annual growth of wax currant contained 5.6 percent crude protein. Phosphorus and calcium concentrations were 0.23 and 0.85 percent, respectively [48].
Cover Value
Cover values for wax currant are as follows [12]:
| Animal | CO | UT | WY |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pronghorn | — | — | fair |
| Elk | — | poor | poor |
| Mule deer | — | poor | fair |
| White-tailed deer | — | — | fair |
| Small mammals | fair | good | good |
| Small nongame birds | fair | good | good |
| Upland game birds | fair | fair | fair |
| Waterfowl | — | poor | poor |
Value for Rehabilitation or Restoration of Disturbed Sites
No entry.
Other Uses
The fruit of wax currant is used for making jam, jelly, or pie [30]. Some western Indian tribes used currants for making pemmican [28]. Wax currant is cultivated as an ornamental [30].
Other Management Considerations
Wax currant is an alternate host for white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) which infests five-needled pines [29]. Because of its association with the rust, wax currant has been a target of various eradication studies [1,5,29]. Efforts to eradicate Ribes spp. have been unsuccessful and have not resulted in decreased rust infection [49].
In central Idaho, wax currant establishes after light ground scarification and thrives after thorough scarification, which induces germination and decreases the existing shrub cover [38,39,40].
Table A1— Forest and range ecosystems, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) physiographic regions, Kuchler plant associations, Society for American Foresters (SAF) forest cover types, and Society for Rangeland Management (SRM) rangeland cover types in which this species occurs.
Forest and Range Ecosystems (Garrison et al. 1977)
- FRES20 Douglas-fir
- FRES21 Ponderosa pine
- FRES22 Western white pine
- FRES23 Fir-spruce
- FRES25 Larch
- FRES26 Lodgepole pine
- FRES28 Western hardwoods
- FRES29 Sagebrush
- FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
- FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
- FRES36 Mountain grasslands
BLM Physiographic Regions (Bernard and Brown 1977)
- 1 Northern Pacific Border
- 2 Cascade Mountains
- 4 Sierra Mountains
- 5 Columbia Plateau
- 6 Upper Basin and Range
- 7 Lower Basin and Range
- 8 Northern Rocky Mountains
- 9 Middle Rocky Mountains
- 10 Wyoming Basin
- 11 Southern Rocky Mountains
- 12 Colorado Plateau
- 16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
Kuchler Plant Associations (Kuchler 1964)
- K005 Mixed conifer forest
- K007 Red fir forest
- K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest
- K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
- K011 Western ponderosa forest
- K012 Douglas-fir forest
- K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest
- K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest
- K015 Western spruce-fir forest
- K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest
- K019 Arizona pine forest
- K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest
- K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest
- K022 Great Basin pine forest
- K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
- K024 Juniper steppe woodland
- K034 Montane chaparral
- K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub
- K038 Great Basin sagebrush
- K050 Fescue-wheatgrass
- K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass
- K055 Sagebrush steppe
- K063 Foothills prairie
SAF Cover Types (Eyre 1980)
- 207 Red fir
- 208 Whitebark pine
- 209 Bristlecone pine
- 210 Interior Douglas-fir
- 211 White fir
- 215 Western white pine
- 217 Aspen
- 218 Lodgepole pine
- 219 Limber pine
- 220 Rocky Mountain juniper
- 237 Interior ponderosa pine
- 238 Western juniper
- 239 Pinyon-juniper
- 243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
- 245 Pacific ponderosa pine
- 247 Jeffrey pine
- 248 Knobcone pine
- 256 California mixed subalpine
SRM Rangeland Cover Types (Shiflet 1994)
- 101 Bluebunch wheatgrass
- 102 Idaho fescue
- 104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
- 105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
- 106 Bluegrass scabland
- 107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
- 109 Ponderosa pine shrubland
- 110 Ponderosa pine-grassland
- 208 Ceanothus mixed chaparral
- 209 Montane shrubland
- 210 Bitterbrush
- 302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass
- 304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
- 311 Rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
- 312 Rough fescue-Idaho fescue
- 314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
- 315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue
- 316 Big sagebrush-rough fescue
- 317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
- 318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
- 319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue
- 322 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass
- 324 Threetip sagebrush-Idaho fescue
- 401 Basin big sagebrush
- 402 Mountain big sagebrush
- 403 Wyoming big sagebrush
- 404 Threetip sagebrush
- 405 Black sagebrush
- 406 Low sagebrush
- 409 Tall forb
- 411 Aspen woodland
- 412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
- 413 Gambel oak
- 415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany
- 416 True mountain-mahogany
- 417 Littleleaf mountain-mahogany
- 418 Bigtooth maple
- 419 Bittercherry
- 420 Snowbrush
- 421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose
- 504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
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