Vaccinium myrsinites, shiny blueberry
Tirmenstein, D. 1990. Vaccinium myrsinites, shiny blueberry. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://research.fs.usda.gov/feis/species-reviews/vacmys
| Abbreviation | Common Name | Scientific Name | Classification | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plants | ||||
| VACMYS | shiny blueberry | Vaccinium myrsinites | Life Form: Plants/Shrub Kingdom: Plantae Class: Dicot Order: Ericales Family: Ericaceae Genus: Vaccinium | Fed. Protected: No Nativity: Native Invasiveness: Noninvasive |
Taxonomy
The scientific name of shiny blueberry is Vaccinium myrsinites Lam. [24]. Shiny blueberry has been described as a hybrid species [43] and is thought to have been derived from a small cluster blueberry (V. tennelum) x Darrow’s evergreen blueberry (V. darrowii) cross [8]. A darrowoid phase, exhibiting characteristics more typical of Darrow’s evergreen blueberry, is concentrated along the Florida Gulf Coast, whereas a tennelloid phase, more closely resembling small cluster blueberry, occurs in northeastern Florida and southern Georgia [8]. A number of forms of shiny blueberry have been reported [7]. Shiny blueberry hybridizes with many species including V. arkansanum, low sweet blueberry (V. angustifolium), V. australe, V. fuscatum, highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum), and downy blueberry (V. atrococcum) [8,41,45]. Numerous backcrosses and intermediates have been reported [8]. In northern Florida and southern Georgia, populations of V. myrsinites x V. virgatum hybrids are common [44].
Synonyms
- Cyanococcus myrsinites (Lam.) Small
- Vaccinium nitidum Andrews
Other Common Names
dwarf blueberry, Florida evergreen blueberry, ground blueberry, low blueberry, southern evergreen blueberry
General Distribution
Shiny blueberry grows along the southeastern Coastal Plain and Gulf Coast from South Carolina through southern Georgia and northern Florida to southwestern Alabama [18,42]. It extends southward to peninsular Florida [18]. Disjunct populations occur in the Metamorphic Hills of Alabama [42].
Distribution of shiny blueberry.
States
- United States: AL FL GA SC
Site Characteristics
Soil: Most blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) require acidic soils and can grow on relatively infertile sites which have small amounts of many essential elements [25]. Shiny blueberry commonly grows on dry, sandy, acidic soils in full sun [8,42,44]. It occurs on poorly drained soils in swales but also grows on seasonally wet to well-drained sites [18].
Plant Communities
Shiny blueberry in a longleaf pine savanna, Alachua County, Florida. (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Shiny blueberry commonly grows in prairies, pine forests or barrens, and at the edges of shrub-tree bogs or bays [18,33]. It is a prominent component of scrubby, xeric pine flatwoods, sand pine (Pinus clausa) scrub, oak (Quercus spp.)-palmetto (Sabal spp.) scrub, scrub palmetto (S. etonia) communities, pine-oak scrub, and rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides) balds [3,15,42]. Shiny blueberry also occurs in southern mixed forests [40], on disturbed dunes, [42] and in fallow fields [9].
Plant associates: Common associates in scrub palmetto or Florida scrub communities include scrub palmetto, pawpaw (Asimina reticulata), scrubclover (Petalostemon feayi), dodder (Cassytha filiformis), blazing star (Liatris tenuifolia), and scrub mint (Conradina grandiflora) [3]. Sand pine, tree sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), saw palmetto, and oak often grow with shiny blueberry in sand pine scrub [27]. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii), pond pine (P. serotina), longleaf pine (P. palustris), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), lyonia (Lyonia spp.), dwarf huckleberry (Gaylussacia dumosa), oaks, and inkberry (Ilex glabra) grow with shiny blueberry in pine flatwoods or pine scrub [1,15,20,39]. Common associates on fallow ground include bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), dwarf huckleberry, and running oak (Q. pumila) [9].
Botanical Description
Shiny blueberry with ripening fruits, Brevard County, Florida. (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Shiny blueberry is an erect, much-branched shrub which grows 6 to 40 inches (16-100 cm) in height [8,32,42,44]. Although primarily evergreen, subpersistent and even deciduous phases have been reported [7]. This rhizomatous shrub commonly forms extensive colonies [42]. Colonies approximately 0.6 mile (1 km) across and at least 1,000 years of age [14] have been reported.
Twigs of shiny blueberry are green, verrucose, more or less angular, and densely pubescent to glabrous [18,32,42]. Stem morphology has been considered in detail [32]. The small, alternate, coriaceous leaves are obovate to elliptic [42,45]. Leaf margins are entire to obscurely serrulate [8]. Leaves are commonly glossy green to grayish green and copiously pubescent to glabrous [8,18]. The lower surface is typically glandular [42].
The perfect flowers are white to deep pink or reddish tinged, and narrowly urceolate to cylindrical [8,32,42,44]. Flowers are borne in clusters of 2 to 8 [18]. Floral morphology is highly variable [7]. Fruit is a black or glaucous blue, globular berry 0.24 to 0.32 inch (6-8 mm) in diameter [18,33]. Berries contain numerous seeds or nutlets which average 0.04 inch (1 mm) in length [42].
Raunkiaer Life Form (Raunkiaer 1934)
- Phanerophyte
Seasonal Development
Shiny blueberry flowers in early spring. Fruit ripens during late spring or summer [33]. Phenological development by geographic location is as follows [23,33,46]:
| Location | Flowering | Fruiting |
|---|---|---|
| Florida | February-April | May-July |
| Georgia | — | April-June |
| South Carolina | March-April | May-June |
Regeneration Processes
Shiny blueberry can reproduce through seed or by vegetative means.
Seed: Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) seedlings first emerge within approximately 1 month after seeds are planted and continue to emerge for long periods of time in the absence of cold stratification [11]. Seeds of most Vacciniums are not dormant and require no pretreatment for germination [11]. Seeds of shiny blueberry are readily dispersed by many birds and mammals.
Vegetative regeneration: Shiny blueberry sprouts from stout, elongate, underground rhizomes or "runners" after aboveground vegetation is removed by fire or by other disturbances [5,15,18,42]. Plants form extensive open clones through gradual rhizome expansion in the absence of disturbance [42].
Successional Status
Fire is an integral part of most Florida ecosystems [2] including pine flatwoods, sand-pine scrub, and saw palmetto communities in which shiny blueberry is a prominent understory shrub. These communities depend on fire for their continued existence [1,36] and have been variously described as representative of a "pyric disclimax" [15] or "fire climax" [27]. Fire in these communities does not initiate multistage succession. Little recruitment of new, short-lived, invasive species occurs after fire [2]. Instead, fire rejuvenates species such as shiny blueberry which were present in preburn communities.
Shiny blueberry grows abundantly on many types of disturbed sites such as in fallow fields [9], on disturbed dunes [42], and on clearcuts in Florida longleaf pine stands [39].
Immediate Fire Effects
Fire commonly kills aboveground portions of shiny blueberry [15]. Underground rhizomes [33] are generally protected from the damaging effects of heat and apparently survive most fires. Seeds of most blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) are of short viability and are readily killed by heat [30].
Postfire Regeneration Strategy (Stickney 1989)
- Rhizomatous shrub, rhizome in soil
- Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
Fire Adaptations
Shiny blueberry is well able to persist despite periodic fires. Evidence suggests that short fire intervals characteristic of most shiny blueberry communities have produced natural selection for a "xerophytic genotype which is strongly adapted to fire" [42]. Abrahamson [2] reports that shiny blueberry "exhibits a 'sit and wait' strategy, in that [plants] apparently survive with little aboveground biomass for long periods of time before fire causes release from shading and/or nutrient" depletion. Shiny blueberry typically sprouts from underground rhizomes after the foliage is consumed by fire. Birds and mammals may transport some seed to burned sites.
Plant Response to Fire
Shiny blueberry growing under burned saw palmetto, Miami-Dade County, Florida. (CC BY 4.0)
Growth of shiny blueberry is apparently stimulated by fire [36]. Canopy cover on recently burned sites often exceeds cover on unburned plots [21]. Plants typically sprout vigorously from underground rhizomes after aboveground vegetation is consumed [2]. Recovery of this shrub is generally rapid and dramatic [1,39].
Shiny blueberry often forms a nearly continuous shrub canopy within 2 years after fire [5]. Canopy cover was essentially unchanged soon after fires in a northern Florida flatwood community [31]. This shrub, along with saw palmetto and Galaticia elliottii, dominated the shrub layer within 4 months after fire in Georgia pine-oak scrub [15]. Similarly, density and dominance of shiny blueberry reached peak levels within 6 months after a January prescribed burn in central Florida, although plants did not attain maximum height or crown widths until the fifth postfire growing season. In central Florida, shiny blueberry increased after consecutive fires at three year intervals, suggesting a 3- to 4-year density response [2].
Seedling establishment: Seed banking does not appear to represent an important regenerative strategy in most blueberries. However, birds and mammals can presumably transport some seed from offsite.
Fire Regimes
Fire is an integral part of many southeastern plant communities in which shiny blueberry occurs as an understory dominant or codominant [2] [see Successional Status]. Evidence suggests that the flatwoods and swales of central Florida burned every few years during presettlement times. These frequent fires not only maintained the vigor of sprouters such as shiny blueberry but also resulted in a compositionally stable plant community. During recent years, fire suppression and declining stand flammability attributed to urban encroachment, has contributed to the decline of these communities. In some areas, concomitant increases in various evergreen hardwood or southern mixed hardwood forests have been observed [1]. Natural fire intervals are estimated at approximately 10 to 20 years in coastal Georgia pine-oak scrub. These intervals, which correspond to coastal drought cycles, are too short to allow hardwood dominance [15].
For additional fire regime information, search FEIS for this species by entering the species name on the Advanced Search page and selecting “Fire Regime” as the publication type.
Fire Management Considerations
Fruit production: Fruit production of shiny blueberry was higher in older burned slash pine stands than in young open stands [23]. Berry production peaked during the third growing season after fire [23]. Fruit production was documented as follows [23]:
| Years since fire | Standing crop (g/100m2) of fruit | |
|---|---|---|
| Site 1 | Site 2 | |
| 2 | 4.7 | 4.0 |
| 3 | 39.0 | 8.0 |
| 4 or more | — | — |
Wildlife: Optimal intervals for burning flatwoods to enhance fruit production of shiny blueberry for wildlife use is approximately 3 years [23]. Burning flatwoods at these intervals also produces good deer browse and contributes to understory maintenance [23].
Prescribed fire: Flower buds tend to be more numerous on new shoots, and periodic removal of old shoots can increase flower production in Vacciniums [30]. Prescribed fire has long been used to rejuvenate commercial lowbush blueberry (V. angustifolium) fields and to increase overall fruit production [30].
Postharvest burning: Cover, frequency, and biomass of shiny blueberry was as follows after clearcutting, site preparation, and broadcast burning in a northern Florida slash pine flatwood community [10]:
| Treatment year | Cover (%) | Frequency (%) | Foliage biomass (kg/ha) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pretreatment | 1.00 | 38 | 38.1 |
| 1 yr posttreatment | 0.29 | 12 | 9.7 |
| 2 yrs posttreatment | 0.33 | 8 | 24.7 |
Federal Status
None
Other Status
No entry.
Importance to Wildlife and Livestock
Browse: The importance of shiny blueberry browse to wildlife and livestock is not well documented. Fall deer utilization was estimated at 10.0 percent during the first year after fire in a longleaf pine-turkey oak (Quercus laevis) community of Florida [20].
Fruit: Mammals such as the black bear, raccoon, white-footed mouse, red fox, gray fox, skunks, chipmunks, deer mice, and squirrels feed on the fruit of Vaccinium spp. [29,44]. Throughout the southeastern Coastal Plain, white-tailed deer consume the fruit of shiny blueberry [23]. The ring-necked pheasant, scarlet tanager, gray catbird, thrushes, towhees, thrashers, and bluebirds eat berries of many species of Vaccinium [29,44]. Large numbers of shiny blueberry fruit are eaten by the ruffed grouse, wild turkey, and quail [42]. In pine flatwood communities, it is a major spring and summer food of the northern bobwhite [23].
Palatability and Nutritional Value
Shiny blueberry fruit is highly palatable to a wide variety of birds and mammals.
Browse: Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) foliage is relatively high in carotene, manganese, and energy content [12,19].
Fruit:Vaccinium berries are sweet and contain high concentrations of both mono- and di-saccharides [38]. Berries are rich in vitamin C and energy content but low in fats [22,35].
Cover Value
Shiny blueberry presumably provides cover for a variety of small birds and mammals. Dense saw palmetto (Serenoa repens)-shiny blueberry thickets provide good cover for many species of birds [5].
Value for Rehabilitation or Restoration of Disturbed Sites
Species within the genus Vaccinium can be propagated from hardwood stem cuttings or from seed. Seedlings grown in the greenhouse can be transplanted onto favorable sites 6 to 7 weeks after emergence. Seed collection and storage techniques have been considered in detail [11].
Other Uses
The edible fruit of shiny blueberry is described as "juicy" [32] and of "fair quality" [8]. Fruit is commonly eaten raw. Many blueberries were important traditional foods of Native American peoples.
Shiny blueberry hybridizes with a number of highbush blueberries and may have potential for improving heat and drought tolerance of commercial fruit-producing strains [13]. Its ability to grow well on upland mineral soil makes it well Suited for use in commercial blueberry breeding [25]. Shiny blueberry was first cultivated in England after 1880 [8].
Other Management Considerations
Mechanical removal: In southern mixed forests, double chopping produces high mortality in the shiny blueberry [40].
Chemical damage: Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) exhibit variable susceptibility to herbicides such as 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, glyphosate, karbutilate, and picloram [6].
Habitat destruction: Shiny blueberry is a prominent understory constituent of scrub palmetto communities which have been disappearing as development occurs along the southeastern coast. Much of this unique habitat has been destroyed within the past century [3].
Timber harvest: Most blueberries are susceptible to postlogging treatments which include severe scarification [30]. This appears to be true of shiny blueberry as well.
Wildlife considerations: Blueberries are an extremely important food source for black bears. In many areas, bear-human conflicts are most likely to occur during years of blueberry crop failure [30,37].
Fruit production: In young pine plantations, fruit yields of shiny blueberry tend to be greatest during the fourth year after conifer plantings [23]. Berry production in a young slash pine (Pinus elliottii) plantation was as follows [23]:
| Years since planting | Standing crop (g/100m2) of fruit | |
|---|---|---|
| Site 1 | Site 2 | |
| 1 | 6.7 | 12.0 |
| 2 | 0.5 | 4.0 |
| 3 | 6.6 | 4.0 |
| 4 | 11.4 | 4.0 |
| 5 | 1.4 | 4.0 |
| 6-10 | 0.1 | 4.0 |
Table A1— Forest and range ecosystems, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) physiographic regions, Kuchler plant associations, Society for American Foresters (SAF) forest cover types, and Society for Rangeland Management (SRM) rangeland cover types in which this species occurs.
Forest and Range Ecosystems (Garrison et al. 1977)
- FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
- FRES14 Oak - pine
- FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
BLM Physiographic Regions (Bernard and Brown 1977)
- No entry
Kuchler Plant Associations (Kuchler 1964)
- K112 Southern mixed forest
- K115 Sand pine scrub
- K116 Subtropical pine forest
SAF Cover Types (Eyre 1980)
- 69 Sand pine
- 70 Longleaf pine
- 71 Longleaf pine - scrub oak
- 72 Southern scrub oak
- 74 Cabbage palmetto
- 80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
- 82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
- 83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
- 84 Slash pine
- 85 Slash pine - hardwood
- 98 Pond pine
- 104 Sweetbay - swamp tupelo - redbay
- 111 South Florida slash pine
SRM Rangeland Cover Types (Shiflet 1994)
- No entry
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