Photographic guide of selected external defect indicators and associated internal defects in northern red oak

Abstract

To properly classify or grade logs or trees, one must be able to correctly identify defect indicators and assess the effect of the underlying defect on possible end products. This guide aids the individual in identifying the surface defect indicator and also shows the progressive stages of the defect throughout its development. It illustrates and describes eight types of external defect indicators and associated defects that are particularly difficult to evaluate.

Citation

Rast, Everette D. 1982. Photographic guide of selected external defect indicators and associated internal defects in northern red oak. Res. Pap. NE-511. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiement Station. 20p.