Photographic guide of selected external defect indicators and associated internal defects in yellow birch

Everette D. Rast; John A. Beaton; David L. Sonderman

doi:10.2737/NE-RP-648

Treesearch

Photographic guide of selected external defect indicators and associated internal defects in yellow birch

Informally Refereed

Authors:

Everette D. Rast, John A. Beaton, David L. Sonderman

Year:

1991

Type:

Research Paper

Station:

Northern Research Station

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.2737/NE-RP-648

Source:

Res. Pap. NE-648. Radnor, PA: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 25 p.

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Download (PDF 10.74 MB): https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/21840.pdf

Abstract

To properly classify or grade logs or trees, one must be able to correctly identify defect indicators and assess the effect of the underlying defect on possible end products. This guide assists the individual in identifying the surface defect indicator and shows the progressive stages of the defect throughout its development for yellow birch. Eleven types of external defect indicators and associated defects that are particularly difficult to evaluate are illustrated and described.

Keywords

defect identification, photo guide, yellow birch, quality assessment

Citation

Rast, Everette D.; Beaton, John A.; Sonderman, David L. 1991. Photographic guide of selected external defect indicators and associated internal defects in yellow birch. Res. Pap. NE-648. Radnor, PA: US. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 25 p.