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Abstract
Symptoms of ozone injury on western pines, ranging from effects on needles to effects on portions of ecosystems, can be differentiated from symptoms induced by other natural biotic and abiotic stressors occurring in the same area. Once identified in laboratory and field studies, quantification and monitoring of these symptoms can be used to provide reliable information on the effects of air pollution on forest trees and ecosystems. Monitoring symptoms of ozone injury can be used to determine status, changes, and trends in effects ranging from needle injury to tree growth. This chapter provides information on the types and patterns of ozone effects on pines, with emphasis on tree level effects in the western United States.
Parent Publication
Citation
Stolte, Kenneth. 1996. Symptomology of ozone injury to pine foliage. In: Miller, Paul R.; Stolte, Kenneth W.; Duriscoe, Daniel M.; Pronos, John, technical coordinators. Evaluating ozone air pollution effects on pines in the western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW–GTR–155. Albany, CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; p. 11-18
