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Ecology and silviculture of the spruce-fir forests of eastern North America

Formally Refereed
Download (PDF 929 KB): https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/55813.pdf

Abstract

Using the climax forest as a guide to growing the species best suited to the climate and the site, the author offers a silvicultural system for managing the spruce-fir forests of eastern North America. Based on ecological principles, such silviculture is aimed to bring about forests that are inherently healthy and have a natural resistance to insects and disease.

Citation

Westveld, Marinus. 1953. Ecology and silviculture of the spruce-fir forests of eastern North America. Journal of Forestry. 51(6): 422-430. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/51.6.422
Citations