Advancing Forest Inventory and Fuel Monitoring with Multi-Sensor Hybrid Models: A Comparative Framework for Basal Area Estimation

Abstract

Fire suppression in the upper U.S. Midwest has led to the expansion of flammable coniferous ladder fuels, necessitating precise tracking of conifer species basal area (BA) for fire risk management. This study benchmarks four subset-selection pipelines—xPLS, GA-xPLS, RF-xPLS, and SVR-xPLS—to optimize the fusion of high-dimensional, collinear data from Sentinel-2, Landsat-9, and LiDAR sensors. Using 141 field plots in Minnesota’s Kawishiwi Ranger District of the Superior National Forest, we evaluated 175 predictors against eight BA response variables. Results show that RF-xPLS provided the superior accuracy–parsimony trade-off, achieving the highest pooled R² (≈0.86) and lowest error with a compact 27-predictor block. GA-xPLS ranked second, excelling for specific species such as Pinus resinosa. The most effective predictors combined SWIR-based moisture indices, red-edge/NIR structure, and a single LiDAR-derived surface of vertical-structure (quadratic mean height). Our findings demonstrate that integrating machine learning selection engines with multi-sensor fusion substantially enhances the scalability and precision of forest inventory and fuels monitoring. This comparative framework offers practical insights for sustainable management and fire risk mitigation in northern temperate–boreal forests.

Citation

Salehnia, Nasrin; Wolter, Peter; Sturtevant, Brian R.; Abbas Iossifov, Dalia. 2026. Advancing Forest Inventory and Fuel Monitoring with Multi-Sensor Hybrid Models: A Comparative Framework for Basal Area Estimation. Remote Sensing. 18(6): 852. 32 p. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18060852.