Gregory E. Frey, PhD

Research Forester

Southern Research Station

0000-0003-0538-0199

gregory.e.frey@usda.gov

Publications & Products
Related
Education

Treesearch Publications

Prabin Bhusal, Rajan Parajuli, Erin O. Sills, Conghe Song, Gregory E. Frey, Dil Bahadur Khatri. 2026. Community-based forest management in changing contexts: Forest users' perspectives on the future of community forestry in Nepal
Peter V. Caldwell, Katherine L. Martin, Justin S. Baker, Arpita Nehra, Elly T. Gay, Sagarika Rath, Travis Warziniack, Jennifer Costanza, Gregory E. Frey, Christopher Mihiar, Richard H. Manner, Stacy A. C. Nelson, James Vose, Raghavan Srinivasan. 2026. Benefits of Southern Forests for Drinking Water
Yanshu Li, Tamara L. Cushing, Gregory E. Frey. 2026. Tax Tips for Forest Landowners: 2025
Michelle J. Thompson, Stephanie Chizmar, Sonia Bruck, Jesse Henderson, Gregory E. Frey. 2026. Indicator 6.39: area and percent of forests used for subsistence, 2013-2023
Stephanie Chizmar, Rajan Parajuli, Sabhyata Lamichhane, Gregory E. Frey, Katherine MacFarland, Mimi Pinyan, Suzanne Teague. 2025. A National Review of State Preferential Property Tax Programs: Challenges and Opportunities for Agroforestry Practices in the United States
Michelle J. Thompson, Sonia Bruck, Stephanie Chizmar, Jesse Henderson, Gregory E. Frey. 2025. Indicator 6.43: percent of forests managed primarily to protect social, cultural and spiritual needs and values, 2010–2024
Shivan Gc, Gregory E. Frey, Christopher Mihiar, Brett J. Butler, Consuelo Brandeis. 2025. Quantifying the distribution of family forest ownership classifications for US federal income tax
Michael A. Kilgore, Gregory E. Frey, Stephanie Snyder, Christopher Mihiar. 2025. Factors influencing a forest landowner's choice of incentive program commitment length
Michelle J. Thompson, Stephanie Chizmar, Sonia Bruck, Jesse Henderson, Gregory E. Frey. 2025. Indicator 6.31: import and export value of nonwood forest products, 2003–2022
Arpita Nehra, Justin S. Baker, Peter V. Caldwell, Katherine L. Martin, Travis Warziniack, Richard Manner, Christopher Mihiar, Gregory E. Frey, Jennifer Costanza. 2025. The potential impact of forest loss on drinking water treatment costs in the southeastern U.S
Ana Cubas-Baez, Rajan Parajuli, Erin O Sills, Frederick W Cubbage, Gregory E. Frey. 2025. Planning for the future of forests: What drives landowners’ estate planning decisions in the Southern United States?
Prabin Bhusal, Rajan Parajuli, Erin O. Sills, Conghe Song, Gregory E. Frey. 2025. What motivates local leaders of community forests in Nepal? An examination of leaders’ expressed values and experiences
Jaana Korhonen, Gregory E. Frey. 2025. Indicator 6.34: value of capital investment and annual expenditure in forest management, wood and nonwood product industries, forest-based environmental services, recreation, and tourism, 2020
Michelle J. Thompson, Sonia Bruck, Stephanie Chizmar, Jesse Henderson, Gregory E. Frey. 2025. Indicator 6.44: the importance of forests to people, 2013–2019
Gregory E. Frey. 2025. State-Administered Financial Payment Programs Supporting Ecosystem Services from Private Forests in the United States, 2005–2019
Sonia Bruck, Michael A. Kilgore, Jesse Henderson, Gregory E. Frey. 2025. An assessment of appraisals for federal and state timber sales in Minnesota, U.S.A.
Gregory E. Frey, Reem Hajjar, Susan Charnley, Kathleen McGinley, John Schelhas, Nathan A. Tarr, Lauren McCaskill, Frederick W. Cubbage. 2024. “Community Forests” in the United States – How Do we Know One When we See One?
Gregory E. Frey. 2024. Managed burning of forests: Balancing economic incentives, risks, and liability
Yanshu Li, Tamara L. Cushing, Gregory E. Frey. 2024. Tax Tips for Forest Landowners: 2024 Tax Year
Sonia Bruck, Stephanie Chizmar, Rajan Parajuli, Gregory E. Frey, Austin Lamica, Erin O. Sills. 2024. A Qualitative Assessment of Interrelated Impacts of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on the Timber Supply Chain in the Southern United States
Reem Hajjar, Kathleen McGinley, Susan Charnley, Gregory E. Frey, Meredith Hovis, Frederick Cubbage, John Schelhas, Kailey Kornhauser. 2024. Characterizing Community Forests in the United States
Yanshu Li, Tamara L. Cushing, Gregory E. Frey. 2024. Tax Tips for Forest Landowners: 2023 Tax Year
Gregory E. Frey, Philadelphia Wilkens, Sonia Bruck. 2024. Development of a framework for understanding unsold timber offerings from the US National Forest System
Jaana Korhonen, Gregory E. Frey. 2023. Forest sector investment in the United States - trends and implications of capital investment and annual expenditure
Stephanie Chizmar, Rajan Parajuli, Sonia Bruck, Gregory E. Frey, Erin Sills. 2023. Forest-Based Employment in the Southern United States amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Causal Inference Analysis
Sonia Bruck, Gregory E. Frey. 2023. Perceptions and reality: How National Forest System employee views correlate with frequency of unsold timber offerings
Gregory E. Frey, Chalisa Kallayanamitra, Philadelphia Wilkens, Natasha James. 2023. Revenue from forest-based environmental services
Andrea Watts, Susan Charnley, Gregory E. Frey. 2023. What can we learn from community forestry in Tanzania?
Peter V. Caldwell, Katherine L. Martin, James Vose, Justin S. Baker, Travis Warziniack, Jennifer Costanza, Gregory E. Frey, Arpita Nehra, Christopher Mihiar. 2023. Forested watersheds provide the highest water quality among all land cover types, but the benefit of this ecosystem service depends on landscape context
Gregory E. Frey, Philadelphia Wilkens, Sonia Bruck. 2023. Views of “no-bid” timber sales from the National Forest System (NFS), volume I: ranking of perceptions of proximate causes, underlying factors, and proposed solutions, based on closed-ended responses from a survey of NFS employees
Gregory E. Frey. 2023. Do property tax benefits for forest landowners work? A review of effectiveness at retaining and promoting active management of private forests
Gregory E. Frey, James L. Chamberlain, Michael G. Jacobson. 2023. Producers, production, marketing, and sales of non-timber forest products in the United States: a review and synthesis
Yanshu Li, Tamara L. Cushing, Gregory E. Frey. 2022. Tax Tips for Forest Landowners: 2022 Tax Year.
Meredith Hovis, Gregory E. Frey, Kathleen McGinley, Frederick Cubbage, Xue Han, Megan Lupek. 2022. Ownership, Governance, Uses, and Ecosystem Services of Community Forests in the Eastern United States
Kathleen McGinley, Susan Charnley, Frederick Cubbage, Reem Hajjar, Gregory E. Frey, John Schelhas, Meredith Hovis, Kailey Kornhauser. 2022. Community forest ownership, rights, and governance regimes in the United States
Susan Charnley, Shoana Humphries, Gretchen Engbring, Gregory E. Frey. 2022. Supporting community forestry certification in tropical countries by increasing actor engagement across scales
Susan Charnley, Gregory E. Frey, Jasper Makala. 2022. Community forests, timber production, and certification: success factors in the African context
Gregory E. Frey, Chalisa Kallayanamitra, Philadelphia Wilkens, Natasha James. 2022. Defining and measuring forest dependence in the United States: Operationalization and sensitivity analysis
Philadelphia Wilkens, John F. Munsell, John H. Fike, Gabriel J. Pent, Gregory E. Frey. 2022. Is livestock producers’ interest in silvopasture related to their operational perspectives or characteristics?
Philadelphia Wilkens, John F. Munsell, John H. Fike, Gabriel J. Pent, Gregory E. Frey, Benjamin J. Addlestone, Adam K. Downing. 2022. Thinning forests or planting fields? Producer preferences for establishing silvopasture
Gregory E. Frey, Susan Charnley, Jasper Makala. 2022. The costs and benefits of certification for community forests managed by traditional peoples in south-eastern Tanzania
Stephanie Chizmar, Rajan Parajuli, Gregory E. Frey, Robert E. Bardon, Robert Andrew Branan, Katherine MacFarland, Matthew M. Smith, Lord Ameyaw. 2022. Challenges and opportunities for agroforestry practitioners to participate in state preferential property tax programs for agriculture and forestry
Chalisa Kallayanamitra, Philadelphia Wilkens, Natasha James, Gregory E. Frey. 2021. Resilience of Forest-Dependent Communities
Yanshu Li, Tamara L Cushing, Gregory E. Frey. 2021. Tax Tips for Forest Landowners for the 2021 Tax Year
Gregory E. Frey, Chalisa Kallayanamitra, Philadelphia Wilkens, Natasha James. 2021. Payments for forest-based ecosystem services in the United States: Magnitudes and trends
Kenneth Dunn, Lori Unruh Snyder, James McCarter, Gregory E. Frey, Joshua Idassi, David Schnake, Frederick Cubbage. 2021. Bioeconomic assessment of an alley cropping field trial in North Carolina, U.S.: Tree density, timber production, and forage relationships
Stephanie Chizmar, Rajan Parajuli, Gregory E. Frey, Robert E. Bardon, Erin Sills. 2021. Allocation versus completion: Explaining the distribution of the Forest Development Program fund in North Carolina
Gregory E. Frey, Susan Charnley, Jasper Makala. 2021. Economic viability of community-based forest management for certified timber production in southeastern Tanzania
Gregory E. Frey, Michael A. Cary. 2020. Under what management and policy scenarios can alley cropping be a competitive alternative in the United States Southeast?
Yanshu Li, Gregory E. Frey, Linda Wang. 2020. Estimated effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 on private noncorporate forest landowners' timber income in the U.S. South
Gregory E. Frey, Tarik Durmus, Erin O. Sills, Fikret Isik, Marcus M. Comer. 2020. Potential alternative tree species as substrates for forest farming of log-grown shiitake mushrooms in the southeastern United States
Michael A. Cary, Gregory E. Frey. 2020. Alley cropping as an alternative under changing climate and risk scenarios: A Monte-Carlo simulation approach
Xue Han, Gregory E. Frey, Changyou Sun. 2020. Regulation and practice of forest-management fires on private lands in the southeast United States: Legal open burns versus certified prescribed burns
Gregory E. Frey, James L. Chamberlain, John Paul. Schmidt. 2020. Estimating the value of forests for provisioning non-timber forest products to market: concepts, approaches, and case studies
Natasha James, Karen Abt, Gregory E. Frey, Xue Han, Jeffrey P. Prestemon. 2020. Fire in the Southern Appalachians: understanding impacts, interventions, and future fire events
Frederick Cubbage, Bruno Silva, Rafael Rubilar, Adriana Bussoni, Virginia Morales Olmos, Gustavo Balmelli, Patricio Mac Donagh, Roger Lord, Carmelo Hernández, Pu Zhang, Jin Huang, Jaana Korhonen, Richard Yao, Peter Hall, Rafael Del La Torre, Luis Diaz-Balteiro, Omar Carrero, Elizabeth Monges, Tran Thi Thu Ha, Gregory E. Frey, Mike Howard, Michael Chavet, Shaun Mochan, Vitor Afonso Hoeflich, Rafal Chudy, David Maass, Stephanie Chizmar, Robert Abt. 2020. Global timber investments, 2005 to 2017
Gregory E. Frey, Justin T. Meier, Michael A. Kilgore, Stephanie Snyder, Charles R. Blinn. 2019. Factors associated with family forest landowner enrollment in state preferential forest property tax programs in the United States
Gregory E. Frey, Frederick W. Cubbage, Tom Holmes, Graciela Reyes-Retana, Robert R. Davis, Carole Megevand, Diana Rodríguez-Paredes, Yoanna Kraus-Elsin, Berenice Hernández-Toro, Diana Nacibe. Chemor-Salas. 2019. Competitiveness, certification, and support of timber harvest by community forest enterprises in Mexico
Gregory E. Frey, Susan Alexander, James L. Chamberlain, Keith Blatner, Alisa Coffin, Rebecca J. Barlow. 2019. Markets and market values of nontimber forest products in the United States: A review, synthesis, and identification of future research needs
Justin T. Meier, Michael A. Kilgore, Gregory E. Frey, Stephanie Snyder, Charles R. Blinn. 2019. A comparison of participants and non-participants of state forest property tax programs in the United States
Gregory E. Frey, John H. Fike. 2018. Silvopasture case studies in North Carolina and Virginia
Gregory E. Frey, Michael A. Cary, Barry K. Goodwin, D. Evan. Mercer. 2018. Agroforestry Land-use Economic Yield and Risk (ALLEY) Model 2.0: a computer suite to simulate and compare stochastic yield and returns of alley crop, monocrop, and pine plantation systems in the U.S. South.
Gregory E. Frey, Keith A. Blatner, Michael G. Jacobson, C. Meghan Starbuck Downes, Erin O. Sills, D. Evan Mercer, Susan Alexander, James L. Chamberlain, Michael A. Gold, Larry D. Godsey, Marla R. Emery, Alisa Coffin, Rebecca J. Barlow, Luanne Lohr. 2018. Economics of nontimber forest products.
Michael A. Kilgore, Paul V Ellefson, Travis J. Funk, Gregory E. Frey. 2018. Private forest owners and property tax incentive programs in the United States: A national review and analysis of ecosystem services promoted, landowner participation, forestland area enrolled, and magnitude of tax benefits provided
Gregory E. Frey, James L. Chamberlain, Jeffrey P. Prestemon. 2018. The potential for a backward-bending supply curve of non-timber forest products: An empirical case study of wild American ginseng production
Gregory E. Frey, Frederick W. Cubbage, Tran Thi Thu Ha, Robert R. Davis, James B. Carle, Vu X. Thon, Nguyen V. Dzung. 2018. Financial analysis and comparison of smallholder forest and state forest enterprise plantations in Central Vietnam
Michael Kilgore, Paul Ellefson, Travis Funk, Gregory E. Frey. 2018. State property tax programs promoting sustainable forests in the United States: A review of program structure and administration
Xue Han, Gregory E. Frey, Yude Geng, Frederick W. Cubbage, Zhaohui Zhang. 2018. Reform and efficiency of state-owned forest enterprises in Northeast China as “social firms”
Gregory E. Frey, Marcus M. Comer. 2018. Annotated bibliography on the impacts of size and scale of silvopasture in the Southeastern U.S.A
James L. Chamberlain, Gregory E. Frey, C. Denise Ingram, Michael G. Jacobson, Cara (Meghan) Downes. 2017. Forest ecosystem services: Provisioning of non-timber forest products
John Fike, Adam Downing, John Munsell, Gregory E. Frey, Kelly Mercier, Gabriel Pent, Chris Teutsch, J.B. Daniel, Jason Fisher, Miller Adams, Todd Groh. 2017. Creating silvopastures: some considerations when planting trees in pastures
Michael A. Kilgore, Paul B. Ellefson, Travis J. Funk, Gregory E. Frey. 2017. State property tax incentives for promoting ecosystem goods and services from private forest land in the United States: a review and analysis
Gregory E. Frey, John H. Fike, Adam K. Downing, Marcus M. Comer, Timothy A. Mize, Christopher D. Teutsch. 2017. Trees and livestock together: silvopasture research and application for Virginia farms
Gregory E. Frey, Prakash Nepal. 2016. Forest economics and policy in a changing environment: how market, policy, and climate transformations affect forests -- Proceedings of the 2016 Meeting of the International Society of Forest Resource Economics
Gregory E. Frey, James L. Chamberlain. 2016. Collection of nontimber forest products from state forests in the US south
Frederick W. Cubbage, Robert R. Davis, Diana Rodriguez Paredes, Ramon Mollenhauer, Yoanna Kraus Elsin, Gregory E. Frey, Ignacio A. Gonzalez Hernandez, Humberto Albarran Hurtado, Anita Mercedes Salazar Cruz, Diana Nacibe Chemor Salas. 2015. Community forestry enterprises in Mexico: sustainability and competitiveness
Michael A. Cary, Gregory E. Frey, Evan Mercer. 2014. The value of versatile alley cropping in the Southeast US: A Monte Carlo simulation
Evan Mercer, Gregory E. Frey, Frederick W. Cubbage. 2014. Economics of Agroforestry
Gregory E. Frey, Evan Mercer, Frederick W. Cubbage, Robert C. Abt. 2013. A real options model to assess the role of flexibility in forestry and agroforestry adoption and disadoption in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley
Gregory E. Frey, Evan Mercer, Frederick W. Cubbage, Robert C. Abt. 2011. Economic potential of agroforestry and forestry in the lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley with incentive programs and carbon payments
F. Cubbage, S. Koesbandana, P Mac Donagh, R. Rubilar, G Balmelli, V. Morales Olmos, R. De La Torre, M. Murara, V.A. Hoeflich, H. Kotze, R Gonzalez, O. Carrero, Gregory E. Frey, T. Adams, J. Turner, R. Lord, J. Huang, C. MacIntyre, Kathleen McGinley, R. Abt, R. Phillips. 2010. Global timber investments, wood costs, regulation, and risk
Gregory E. Frey, Evan Mercer, Frederick W. Cubbage, Robert C. Abt. 2010. A Real Options Method for Estimating the Adoption Potential of Forestry and Agroforestry Systems on Private Lands in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, USA

Citations of Non-Forest Service Publications

Cubbage, F.W., Davis, R.R., Frey, G.E., Behr, D.C., Sills, E.O. 2015. Financial and Economic Evaluation Guidelines for International Forestry Projects. In: Kohl, M. and Pancel, L., eds. Tropical Forestry Handbook. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_68-2.
Gagnon, J.L., Clark, N.A., Downing, A.K., Fisher, K.J., Frey, G.E., & Worrell, W.C. 2015. Welcome to the Woods! A guide for new Virginia woodland owners. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication ANR-136P. Available: http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/ANR/ANR-136/ANR-136.html.
Cubbage, F., Davis, R., Rodriguez Paredes, D., Kraus Elsin, Y., Mollenhauer, R., and Frey, G.E. 2015. Timber production cost and profit functions for community forests in Mexico. In: Kohl, M. and Pancel, L., eds. Tropical Forestry Handbook. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_222-1
Frey, G.E. 2014. The basics of shiitake mushroom production on natural logs. ANR-102P. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Cooperative Extension. 9 p. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2950.0001. Available: http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/ANR/ANR-102/ANR-102.html.
Frey, G.E.; Fassola, H.E.; Pachas, A.N.; Colcombet, L.; Lacorte, S.M.; Renkow, M.; Pérez, O.; Cubbage, F.W. 2012. A within-farm efficiency comparison of silvopasture systems to conventional pasture and forestry systems in Northeast Argentina. Land Economics. 88(4): 639–657.
Cubbage, F.; Balmelli, G.; Bussoni, A.; Noellemeyer, E.; Pachas, A.N.; Fassola, H.; Colcombet, L.; Rossner, B.; Frey, G.; Dube, F.; Lopes de Silva, M.; Stevenson, H.; Hamilton, J.; Hubbard, W. 2012. Comparing silvopastoral systems and prospects in eight regions of the world. Agroforestry Systems. 86(3): 303-314. DOI: 10.1007/s10457-012-9482-z.
Frey, G.E.; Fassola, H.E.; Pachas, A.N.; Colcombet, L.; Lacorte, S.M.; Pérez, O.; Renkow, M.; Warren, S.T.; Cubbage, F.W. 2012. Perceptions of silvopasture systems among adopters in northeast Argentina. Agricultural Systems. 105(1): 21-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2011.09.001.
Frey, G.E. 2008. La medición de la eficiencia técnica de sistemas silvopastoriles en Misiones y Corrientes, Argentina. Revista Forestal Yvyrareta. 15: 67-73.