Michael Wisdom
Volunteer
Research Wildlife Biologist Emeritus
michael.wisdom@usda.gov
Treesearch Publications
- Joel Ruprecht, Tavis Forrester, Darren A. Clark, Michael Wisdom, Joshua B. Smith, Taal Levi. 2025. Variability and correlations among vital rates and their influence on population growth in mule and black‐tailed deer
- Casey L. Brown, Ryan M. Nielson, Darren Clark, Ryan Kennedy, Kenneth Loonam, Mary M. Rowland, Michael Wisdom. 2025. Drought-linked resource limitations on the body condition of a large ungulate
- Mary M. Rowland, Ryan M. Nielson, David W. Bohnert, Bryan A. Endress, Michael Wisdom, Joshua P. Averett. 2025. Modeling riparian use by cattle – Influence of management, season, and weather
- Abigail Kaminski, Lee K. Cerveny, Mary M. Rowland, Michael Wisdom, Darren A. Clark, Dale Blahna, Matthew Helmer. 2024. Importance and satisfaction of motivation and setting factors among elk and deer hunters
- Tavis Forrester, Derek B. Spitz, Jennifer L. Merems, Michael Wisdom, Mary M. Rowland, Bruce K. Johnson, Joshua B. Smith, Taal Levi, Ryan A. Long, Darren A. Clark. 2024. Mule deer selection of fuel reductions is restricted by site fidelity and structured by circadian and seasonal patterns
- Sylvia Kantor, Mary M. Rowland, Michael Wisdom, Darren Clark. 2024. Decoding hunter and prey movements: Insights to improve wildlife management and hunting success
- Michel T. Kohl, Shawn M. Cleveland, Calvin C. Ellis, Ashlyn N. Halseth, Jerod A. Merkle, Kelly M. Proffitt, Mary M. Rowland, Michael Wisdom. 2023. Chapter 20 - Elk and Rangelands
- Deborah S. Monzingo, John G. Cook, Rachel C. Cook, Michael Wisdom, Lisa A. Shipley. 2023. A field guide to summer and early autumn forage resources for elk in northern Idaho
- Joel Ruprecht, Michael Wisdom, Darren A. Clark, Mary M. Rowland, Taal Levi. 2023. Density‐dependent changes in elk resource selection over successional time scales following forest disturbance
- Mary M. Rowland, Ryan M. Nielson, Michael Wisdom, Darren A. Clark, Guy T. DiDonato, Jennifer Hafer, Bridgett Naylor, Bruce K. Johnson. 2023. Success is dependent on effort: Unraveling characteristics of successful deer and elk hunters
- Tavis Forrester, Nathan J. Jackson, Darren A. Clark, Michael Wisdom, Mary M. Rowland, Joshua Smith, Kelley M. Stewart, Taal Levi, Joel Ruprecht. 2022. A seasonal pulse of ungulate neonates influences space use by carnivores in a multi‐predator, multi‐prey system
- Joshua B. Smith, Derek B. Spitz, Casey L. Brown, Michael Wisdom, Mary M. Rowland, Tavis D. Forrester, Bruce K. Johnson, Darren A. Clark. 2022. Behavioral responses of male elk to hunting risk
- Joel Ruprecht, Charlotte E. Eriksson, Tavis D. Forrester, Derek B. Spitz, Darren A. Clark, Michael Wisdom, Marcus Bianco, Mary M. Rowland, Joshua B. Smith, Bruce K. Johnson, Taal Levi. 2021. Variable strategies to solve risk–reward tradeoffs in carnivore communities
- Mary M. Rowland, Ryan M. Nielson, Michael Wisdom, Bruce K. Johnson, Scott Findholt, Darren Clark, Guy T. Didonato, Jennifer Hafer, Bridgett Naylor. 2021. Influence of landscape characteristics on hunter space use and success
- Nathan J. Jackson, Kelley M. Stewart, Michael Wisdom, Darren A. Clark, Mary M. Rowland. 2021. Demographic performance of a large herbivore: effects of winter nutrition and weather
- Casey L. Brown, Joshua B. Smith, Michael Wisdom, Mary M. Rowland, Derek B. Spitz, Darren A. Clark. 2020. Evaluating indirect effects of hunting on mule deer spatial behavior
- Florencia Spirito, Mary M. Rowland, Michael Wisdom, Solana Tabeni. 2020. Tracking native small mammals to measure fine-scale space use in grazed and restored dry woodlands
- Michael Wisdom, Ryan M. Nielson, Mary M. Rowland, Kelly M. Proffitt. 2020. Modeling landscape use for ungulates: Forgotten tenets of ecology, management, and inference
- Andrea Watts, Mary M. Rowland, Michael Wisdom. 2020. Predicting where elk will thrive: New models point the way
- Jennifer L. Merems, Lisa A. Shipley, Taal Levi, Joel Ruprecht, Darren A. Clark, Michael Wisdom, Nathan J. Jackson, Kelley M. Stewart, Ryan A. Long. 2020. Nutritional-landscape models link habitat use to condition of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)
- Dallas Hall Defrees, Joshua P. Averett, Michael Wisdom, Bryan A. Endress. 2020. Interactive effects of fuels reduction and large herbivores on shrub assemblages in dry conifer forests of the interior west, USA
- Derek B. Spitz, Mary M. Rowland, Darren A. Clark, Michael Wisdom, Joshua B. Smith, Casey L. Brown, Taal Levi. 2019. Behavioral changes and nutritional consequences to elk (Cervus canadensis) avoiding perceived risk from human hunters
- Sylvia Kantor, Michael Wisdom, Bruce Johnson. 2019. Seeking ground less traveled: Elk responses to recreation
- Joshua P. Averett, Michael Wisdom, Bryan A. Endress. 2019. Livestock riparian guidelines may not promote woody species recovery where wild ungulate populations are high
- Derek B. Spitz, Darren A. Clark, Michael Wisdom, Mary M. Rowland, Bruce K. Johnson, Ryan A. Long, Taal Levi. 2018. Fire history influences large-herbivore behavior at circadian, seasonal, and successional scales
- Mary M. Rowland, Michael Wisdom, Ryan M. Nielson, John G. Cook, Rachel C. Cook, Bruce K. Johnson, Priscilla K. Coe, Jennifer Hafer, Bridgett Naylor, David J. Vales, Robert G. Anthony, Eric K. Cole, Chris D. Danilson, Ronald W. Davis, Frank Geyer, Scott Harris, Larry L. Irwin, Robert McCoy, Michael D. Pope, Kim Sager-Fradkin, Martin Vavra. 2018. Modeling elk nutrition and habitat use in Western Oregon and Washington
- Natalia M. Schroeder, Alejandro González, Michael Wisdom, Ryan Nielson, Mary M. Rowland, Andres J. Novaro. 2018. Roads have no effect on guanaco habitat selection at a Patagonian site with limited poaching
- Michael Wisdom, Haiganoush K. Preisler, Leslie M. Naylor, Robert G. Anthony, Bruce K. Johnson, Mary M. Rowland. 2018. Elk responses to trail-based recreation on public forests
- Susan Charnley, Hannah Gosnell, Kendra L Wendel, Mary M. Rowland, Michael Wisdom. 2018. Cattle grazing and fish recovery on US federal lands: can social-ecological systems science help?
- Florencia Spirito, Mary M. Rowland, Ryan Nielson, Michael Wisdom, Solana Tabeni. 2017. Influence of grazing management on resource selection by a small mammal in a temperate desert of South America
- Joshua P. Averett, Bryan A. Endress, Mary M. Rowland, Bridgett Naylor, Michael Wisdom. 2017. Wild ungulate herbivory suppresses deciduous woody plant establishment following salmonid stream restoration
- Bryan A. Endress, Bridgett Naylor, Burak K. Pekin, Michael Wisdom. 2016. Aboveground and belowground mammalian herbivores regulate the demography of deciduous woody species in conifer forests
- Rachel White, Susan Charnley, Gordon Grant, Mary M. Rowland, Michael Wisdom. 2016. Restoring rivers, sustaining communities
- Deborah M. Finch, D. A. Boyce, Jeanne C. Chambers, C. J. Colt, Kas Dumroese, Stanley G. Kitchen, C. McCarthy, Susan E. Meyer, Bryce A. Richardson, Mary M. Rowland, Mark A. Rumble, Michael K. Schwartz, Monica Tomosy, Michael Wisdom. 2016. Conservation and restoration of sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse: An assessment of USDA Forest Service Science
- C. L. Roever, T. DelCurto, Mary M. Rowland, Marty Vavra, Michael Wisdom. 2015. Cattle grazing in semiarid forestlands: Habitat selection during periods of drought
- Burak K. Pekin, Michael Wisdom, Catherine Parks, Bryan A. Endress, Bridgett Naylor, Ralf Ohlemuller. 2015. Response of native versus exotic plant guilds to cattle and elk herbivory in forested rangeland
- Deborah M. Finch, Douglas Boyce, Jeanne C. Chambers, Chris Colt, Clint McCarthy, Stanley G. Kitchen, Bryce A. Richardson, Mary M. Rowland, Mark A. Rumble, Michael K. Schwartz, Monica Tomosy, Michael Wisdom. 2015. USDA Forest Service Sage-Grouse Conservation Science Strategy
- Burak K. Pekin, Bryan A. Endress, Michael Wisdom, Bridgett Naylor, Catherine Parks. 2014. Impact of ungulate exclusion on understorey succession in relation to forest management in the Intermountain Western United States
- Burak K. Pekin, Michael Wisdom, Bryan A. Endress, Bridgett Naylor, Catherine Parks. 2014. Ungulate browsing maintains shrub diversity in the absence of episodic disturbance in seasonally-arid conifer forest
- Michael Wisdom, Mary M. Rowland, Christina D. Vojta, Michael Goldstein. 2013. Chapter 7. Monitoring human disturbances for management of wildlife species and their habitats
- Haiganoush K. Preisler, Alan Ager, Michael Wisdom. 2013. Analyzing animal movement patterns using potential functions
- Michael Wisdom, Noreen Parks. 2012. Sage-Grouse on the edge: understanding and managing western landscapes for their survival
- Bryan A. Endress, Michael Wisdom, Martin Vavra, Catherine Parks, Brian Dick, Bridgett Naylor, Jennifer Hafer. 2012. Effects of ungulate herbivory on aspen, cottonwood, and willow development under forest fuels treatment regimes
- Steven T. Knick, Steven E. Hanser, Matthias Leu, Cameron L. Aldridge, Scott E. Neilsen, Mary M. Rowland, Sean P. Finn, Michael Wisdom. 2011. Management considerations
- Mary M. Rowland, Lowell Suring, Matthias Leu, Steven T. Knick, Michael Wisdom. 2011. Sagebrush-associated species of conservation concern
- Priscilla K. Coe, Bruce K. Johnson, Michael Wisdom, John G. Cook, Marty Vavra, Ryan M. Nielson. 2011. Validation of elk resource selection models with spatially independent data
- Mary M. Rowland, Lowell H. Suring, Robin J. Tausch, Susan Greer, Michael Wisdom. 2011. Dynamics of western juniper woodland expansion into sagebrush communities in central Oregon
- Mary M. Rowland, Lowell H. Suring, Michael Wisdom. 2010. Assessment of habitat threats to shrublands in the Great Basin: a case study
- Lisa J. Bate, Torolf R. Torgersen, Michael Wisdom, Edward O. Garton. 2009. Biased estimation of forest log characteristics using intersect diameters
- Jeanne C. Chambers, Michael Wisdom. 2009. Priority research and management issues for the imperiled Great Basin of the western United States
- Michael Wisdom, Jeanne C. Chambers. 2009. A landscape approach for ecologically based management of Great Basin shrublands
- Erica Fleishman, Jeanne C. Chambers, Michael Wisdom. 2009. Introduction to the special section on alternative futures for Great Basin ecosystems
- Lowell H. Suring, Robin J. Tausch, Susan Geer, Mary M. Rowland, Michael Wisdom. 2008. Characteristics of western juniper encroachment into sagebrush communities in central Oregon
- Michael Wisdom, Lisa J. Bate. 2008. Snag density varies with intensity of timber harvest and human access
- Mary M. Rowland, Michael Wisdom. 2008. Habitat networks for terrestrial wildlife: concepts and case studies
- John A. Wiens, Gregory D. Hayward, Richard S. Holthausen, Michael Wisdom. 2008. Using surrogate species and groups for conservation planning and management
- Lisa J. Bate, Michael Wisdom, Edward O. Garton, Shawn C. Clabough. 2008. SnagPRO: snag and tree sampling and analysis methods for wildlife
- Lisa J. Bate, Torolf R. Torgersen, Michael Wisdom, Edward O. Garton, Shawn C. Clabough. 2008. Log sampling methods and software for stand and landscape analyses.
- Lisa J. Bate, Michael Wisdom, Barbara Wales. 2007. Snag densities in relation to human access and associated management factors in forests of Northeastern Oregon, USA
- Haiganoush K. Preisler, Alan A. Ager, Michael Wisdom. 2006. Statistical methods for analysing responses of wildlife to human disturbance
- Michael Wisdom, Martin Vavra, Jennifer Hafer, Miles Hemstrom, Alan A. Ager, Bruce K. Johnson. 2006. Understanding ungulate herbivory—episodic disturbance effects on vegetation dynamics: knowledge gaps and management needs.
- Haiganoush K. Preisler, Alan A. Ager, Michael Wisdom. 2006. Statistical methods for analysing responses of wildlife to human disturbance.
- Mary M. Rowland, Michael Wisdom, Lowell Suring, Cara W. Meinke. 2006. Greater sage-grouse as an umbrella species for sagebrush-associated vertebrates.
- Michael Wisdom, Mary M. Rowland, Lowell H. Suring. 2005. Habitat threats in the sagebrush ecosystem: methods of regional assessment and applications in the Great Basin
- Michael Wisdom. 2005. The Starkey Project: a synthesis of long-term studies of elk and mule deer
- Terrell D. Rich, Michael Wisdom, Vicki A. Saab. 2005. Conservation of priority birds in sagebrush ecosystems
- Michael Wisdom, Mary M. Rowland, Robin J. Tausch. 2005. Effective management strategies for sage-grouse and sagebrush: a question of triage?
- Michael Wisdom, Mary M. Rowland, Miles Hemstrom, Barbara Wales. 2005. Landscape restoration for greater sage-grouse: implications for multiscale planning and monitoring
- Catherine Parks, Michael Wisdom, John Kie. 2005. The influence of ungulates on non-native plant invasions in forests and rangelands: a review.
- Lisa J. Bate, Torolf R. Torgersen, Michael Wisdom, Edward O. Garton. 2004. Performance of sampling methods to estimate log characteristics for wildlife.
- Michael Wisdom, Norman J. Cimon, Bruce K. Johnson, Edward O. Garton, Jack Ward Thomas. 2004. Spatial partitioning by mule deer and elk in relation to traffic.
- Michael Wisdom, Mary M. Rowland, Bruce K. Johnson, Brian Dick. 2004. Overview of the Starkey Project: mule deer and elk research for management benefits.
- Michael Wisdom, Alan A. Ager, Haiganoush K. Preisler, Norman J. Cimon, Bruce K. Johnson. 2004. Effects of off-road recreation on mule deer and elk.
- Martin Vavra, Michael Wisdom, John Kie, John G. Cook, Robert A. Riggs. 2004. The role of ungulate herbivory and management on ecosystem patterns and processes: future direction of the Starkey project.
- Alan A. Ager, Bruce K. Johnson, Priscilla K. Coe, Michael Wisdom. 2004. Landscape simulation of foraging by elk, mule deer, and cattle on summer range.
- Bruce K. Johnson, Michael Wisdom, John G. Cook. 2004. Issues of elk productivity for research and management.
- John Kie, Alan A. Ager, Norman J. Cimon, Michael Wisdom, Mary M. Rowland, Priscilla K. Coe, Scott L. Findholt, Bruce K. Johnson, Martin Vavra. 2004. The Starkey databases: spatial-environmental relations of North American elk, mule deer, and cattle at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range in northeastern Oregon.
- Jack Ward Thomas, Michael Wisdom. 2004. Has the Starkey Project delivered on its commitments?
- Michael Wisdom, Bruce K. Johnson, Martin Vavra, Jennifer Hafer, Priscilla K. Coe, John Kie, Alan A. Ager, Norman J. Cimon. 2004. Cattle and elk responses to intensive timber harvest.
- Mary M. Rowland, Michael Wisdom, Bruce K. Johnson, Mark A. Penninger. 2004. Effects of roads on elk: implications for management in forested ecosystems.
- Wendel J. Hann, Michael Wisdom, Mary M. Rowland. 2003. Disturbance departure and fragmentation of natural systems in the interior Columbia basin.
- Michael Wisdom, Richard S. Holthausen, Barbara Wales, Christina D. Hargis, Victoria A. Saab, Danny C. Lee, Wendel J. Hann, Terrell D. Rich, Mary M. Rowland, Wally J. Murphy, Michelle R. Eames. 2000. Source habitats for terrestrial vertebrates of focus in the interior Columbia basin: broadscale trends and management implications (Volumes 1-3)
- Lisa J. Bate, Edward O. Garton, Michael Wisdom. 1999. Estimating snag and large tree densities and distributions on a landscape for wildlife management.
- Mary M. Rowland, Larry D. Bryant, Bruce K. Johnson, James H. Noyes, Michael Wisdom, Jack Ward Thomas. 1997. The Starkey project: history, facilities, and data collection methods for ungulate research.
- Michael Wisdom, Jack Ward Thomas. 1996. Elk
- Richard S. Holthausen, Michael Wisdom, John Pierce, Daniel K. Edwards, Mary M. Rowland. 1994. Using expert opinion to evaluate a habitat effectiveness model for elk in western Oregon and Washington.
- Bruce G. Marcot, Michael Wisdom, Hiram W. Li, Gonzalo C. Castillo. 1994. Managing for featured, threatened, endangered, and sensitive species and unique habitats for ecosystem sustainability.
- Michael Wisdom, John G. Cook, Mary M. Rowland, James H. Noyes. 1993. Protocols for care and handling of deer and elk at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range.
Citations of Non-Forest Service Publications
- Wisdom, M.J., J. Swanson, and M.D. Doxtater. 1975. Status determination of Wisconsin's "undetermined status" wild vertebrate species, bird phase. University of Wisconsin Special Technical Report, College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, WI. 300p.
- Wisdom, M.J. 1977. Use of W.S.O. bird computer bank in Wisconsin. Passenger Pigeon 38(4):158-62. Refereed.
- Wisdom, M.J., and C.A. Davis. 1979. Nesting habitat of lesser prairie chickens in eastern New Mexico. Proceedings, Prairie Grouse Technical Council 13:5-8.
- Davis, C.A., T.Z. Riley, J.F. Schwartz, H.R. Suminski, and M.J. Wisdom. 1980. Live-trapping female prairie chickens on spring leks. Page 64-67 in P.A. Vohs, Jr., and F.L. Knopf, editors, Proceedings, Prairie Grouse Symposium, Sept. 17-18, 1980, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. 89pp.
- Davis, C.A., T.Z. Riley, R.A. Smith, and M.J. Wisdom. 1980. Spring-summer foods of lesser prairie chickens in New Mexico. Page 75-80 in P.A. Vohs, Jr., and F.L. Knopf, editors, Proceedings, Prairie Grouse Symposium, Sept. 17-18, 1980, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. 89p.
- Smithey, D.A., M.J. Wisdom, and W.W. Hines. 1985. Roosevelt elk and black-tailed deer response to habitat changes related to old-growth conversion in southwestern Oregon. Pages 41-55 in R.W. Nelson, editor, Proceedings, Western States and Provinces Elk Workshop, April 17-19, 1984, Alberta Fish and Wildlife, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 218pp.
- Witmer, G.W., M.J. Wisdom, E.P. Harshman, R.J. Anderson, C. Carey, M.P. Kuttel, I.D. Luman, J.A. Rochelle, R.W. Scharpf, and D.A. Smithey. 1985. Deer and elk. Pages 41-55 in E.R. Brown, editor, Management of wildlife and fish habitats in forests of western Oregon and Washington., part 1-chapter narratives. USDA Forest Service Publication R6-F&WL-192-1985. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 332p.
- Wisdom, M.J., L.R. Bright, C.G. Carey, W.W. Hines, D.A. Smithey, J.W. Thomas, and G.W. Witmer. 1986. A model to evaluate elk habitat in western Oregon. USDA Forest Service Publication R6-F&WL-216-1986, Portland, OR. 36p.
- Wisdom, M.J. 1986. Development of a habitat model for Roosevelt elk. Page 159-170 in Proceedings, Elk states and provinces workshop, March 17-19, 1986, Coos Bay, OR. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Portland. 316p.
- Witmer, G.W., and M.J. Wisdom. 1986. Some important habitat relationships for Roosevelt elk in western Oregon and Washington. Page 149-157 in Proceedings, Elk states and provinces workshop, March 17-19, Coos Bay, OR. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Portland, 316p.
- Wisdom, M.J. 1988. The Starkey Project: questions of multiple use. Oregon Wildlife 3:4-9.
- Riley, T.Z., C.A. Davis, M. Ortiz, and M.J. Wisdom. 1992. Vegetative characteristics of successful and unsuccessful nests of lesser prairie chickens. Journal of Wildlife Management 56:383-387. Refereed.
- Bull, E.L. and M.J. Wisdom. 1992. Fauna of the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station General Technical Report PNW-GTR-291, Portland, OR. 28p.
- Wisdom, M.J. 1992. The Starkey Project: new technologies chase old questions about deer and elk management. Western Wildlands 18:32-38. Refereed.
- Wisdom, M.J., J.G. Cook, M.M. Rowland, and J.H. Noyes. 1993. Protocols for care and handling of deer and elk at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station PNW-GTR-311, Portland, OR. 48p.
- Marcot, B.G., M.J. Wisdom, H.W. Li, and G. Castillo. 1994. Managing for featured, threatened, endangered, and sensitive species and unique habitats for ecosystem sustainability. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station PNW-GTR-329, Portland, OR.
- Wisdom, M.J. 1994. The Starkey Project: crystal ball for elk on public lands? The Bugle 11:67-76.
- Holthausen, R.S., M.J. Wisdom, J. Pierce, D. Edwards, and M.M. Rowland. 1994. Expert validation of a habitat effectiveness model for elk in western Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper PNW-RP-479, Portland, OR.
- Johnson, B.K., A. Ager, S.A. Crim, M.J. Wisdom, S.L. Findholt, and D. Sheehy. 1996. Allocating forage among wild and domestic ungulates--a new approach. Pages 166-169 in W.D. Edge and S.L. Olson-Edge, editors, Proceedings, Sustaining rangeland ecosystems symposium, Oregon St. Univ., SR 953, Corvallis. 213 p. Refereed.
- Wisdom, M.J., and J.W. Thomas. 1996. Elk. Pages 157-181 in P.R. Krausman, editor, Rangeland wildlife, Society for Range Management, Denver, CO. 440 p.
- Mills, L.S., S.G. Hayes, C. Baldwin, M.J. Wisdom, J. Citta, D.J. Mattson, and K. Murphy. 1996. Factors leading to different viability predictions for a grizzly bear data set. Conservation Biology 10:863-873. Refereed.
- Wisdom, M.J., and L.S. Mills. 1997. Sensitivity analysis to guide population recovery: prairie-chickens as an example. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:302-312. Refereed.
- Samson, F.B., M.A. Eames, R.S. Holthausen, D.C. Lee, W. Murphy, D.A. Newhouse, T.D. Rich, A.R. Sands, B. Wales, and M.J. Wisdom. 1997. Wildlife conservation and ecosystem health in the Interior Columbia River Basin, USA. Transactions, North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 62:479-489.
- Rowland, M.M., L.D. Bryant, B.K. Johnson, J.H. Noyes, M.J. Wisdom, and J.W. Thomas. 1997. The Starkey Project: history, facilities, and data collections methods for ungulate research. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station PNW-GTR-396, Portland, OR.
- Rowland, M.M., P.C. Coe, R.J. Stussy, A.A. Ager, N.J. Cimon, B.K. Johnson, and M.J. Wisdom. 1998. The Starkey habitat data base for ungulate research: construction, documentation, and use. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station PNW-GTR-430, Portland, OR.
- Edelmann, F.B., M.J. Ulliman, M.J. Wisdom, K.P. Reese, and J.W. Connelly. 1998. Assessing habitat quality using population fitness parameters: a remote sensing based habitat-explicit model for sage grouse. Technical Bulletin 25, Idaho Forest, Wildlife, and Range Experiment Station, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID.
- Johnson, B.K., A.A. Ager, S.L. Findholt, M.J. Wisdom, D. Marx, J. Kern, and L.D. Bryant. 1998. Mitigating spatial differences in observation rate of automated telemetry systems. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:958-967. Refereed.
- Raphael, M.G., B.G. Marcot, R.S. Holthausen, and M.J. Wisdom. 1998. Terrestrial species and habitats. Journal of Forestry 96:22-27. Refereed.
- Wisdom, M.J. 1999. Overview of terrestrial science assessments for the Interior Columbia Ecosystem Management Project. Intermountain Journal of Sciences 51:77. Refereed.
- Wisdom, M.J., R.S. Holthausen, B.C. Wales, D. Lee, C.D. Hargis, V.A. Saab, W.J. Hann, T.D. Rich, M.M. Rowland, W.J. Murphy, and M.R. Eames. 1999. Road effects and source habitat trends for terrestrial vertebrates of concern in the Interior Columbia Basin. Intermountain Journal of Sciences 51:78. Refereed.
- Bate, L., E.O. Garton, and M.J. Wisdom. 1999. Estimating snag and large tree densities and distributions on a landscape for wildlife management. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station PNW-GTR-425, Portland, OR.
- Wisdom, M.J., B.C. Wales, R.S. Holthausen, C.D. Hargis, V.A. Saab, W.J. Hann, T.D. Rich, D.C. Lee, and M.M. Rowland. 1999. Wildlife habitats in forests of the Interior Northwest: history, status, trends, and critical issues confronting land managers. Transactions, North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 64:79-93.
- Mills, L.S., D.F. Doak, and M.J. Wisdom. 1999. Reliability of conservation actions based on elasticity analysis of matrix models. Conservation Biology 13:815-829. Refereed.
- Wisdom, M.J., and J.G. Cook. 2000. North American Elk. Pages 694-735 in S. Demarais and P.R. Krausman, editors. Ecology and management of large mammals in North America. Prentice-Hall. Co.
- Wisdom, M.J., R.S. Holthausen, B.C. Wales, C.D. Hargis, V.A. Saab, D.C. Lee, W.J. Hann, T.D. Rich, M.M. Rowland, W.J. Murphy, and M.A. Eames. 2000. Source habitats for terrestrial vertebrates of focus in the Interior Columbia Basin: broad-scale trends and management implications. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station PNW-GTR-485, Portland, OR.
- Wisdom, M.J., L.S. Mills, and D.F. Doak. 2000. Life-stage simulation analysis: estimating vital rate effects on population growth for conservation. Ecology 81:628-641. Refereed.
- Rowland, M.M, M.J. Wisdom, B.K. Johnson, and J.G. Kie. 2000. Elk distribution and modeling in relation to roads. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:672-684. Refereed.
- Johnson, B.K., J.W. Kern, M.J. Wisdom, S.L. Findholt, and J.G. Kie. 2000. Resource selection of mule deer and elk during spring. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:685-697. Refereed.
- Mills, L.S., D.F. Doak, and M.J. Wisdom. 2001. Elasticity analysis for conservation decision-making: reply to Ehrlen et al. Conservation Biology 15:281-283. Refereed.
- Garton, E.O., M.J. Wisdom, F.A. Leban, and B.K. Johnson. 2001. Experimental design for radiotelemetry studies. Pages 15-42 in J. Millspaugh and J. Marzluff, editors. Radiotelemetry and animal populations. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
- Leban, F., M.J. Wisdom, E.O. Garton, and B.K. Johnson. 2001. Effect of sample size on the performance of resource selection analyses. Pages 291-307 in J. Millspaugh and J. Marzluff, editors. Radiotelemetry and animal populations. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
- Gucinksi, H., M.H. Brookes, M.J. Furniss, and R.R. Ziemer, editors, and Alward, G.S., P. Bettinger, J.L. Clayton, J. M. Bowker, K. Cordell, D.B.K. English, M.J. Furniss, G.E. Grant, H. Gucinski, R. Haynes, P. Howell, L.A. Joyce, R. Kiester, J.D. Knoepp, D.V. Lamb, D. Lee, A. Lugo, J. Mattson, J.E. Mitchell, L. Perendez, G.L. Peterson, B. Rieman, J. Sedell, D.J. Shields, F.J. Swanson, L. Swift, W. Thies, R. Thurow, M.J. Wisdom, D.F. Ryan, J.A. Tainter, D.W. McCollum, S.A. Winter, S. Conard, N. Vance, B. Wemple, and R.R. Ziemer, contributors. 2001. Forest roads: a synthesis of scientific information. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station PNW-GTR-509, Portland, OR.
- Marcot, B.G., R.S. Holthausen, M.G. Raphael, M.M. Rowland, and M.J. Wisdom. 2001. Using Bayesian belief networks to evaluate fish and wildlife population viability under land management alternatives from an environmental impact statement. Forest Ecology and Management 153:29-42. Refereed.
- Raphael, M.G., M.J. Wisdom, M.M. Rowland, R.S. Holthausen, B.C. Wales, B.G. Marcot, and T.D. Rich. 2001. Status and trends of habitats of terrestrial vertebrates in relation to land management in the Interior Columbia River Basin. Forest Ecology and Management 153:63-88. Refereed.
- Rowland, M.M., M.J. Wisdom, and B.C. Wales. 2001. Broad-scale assessment of environmental conditions for selected ground squirrels in the Interior Columbia Basin. Journal of the Idaho Academy of Science 37:45-48. Refereed.
- Coe, P.K., B.K. Johnson, J.W. Kern, S.L. Findholt, J.G. Kie, and M.J. Wisdom. 2001. Responses of elk and mule deer to cattle in summer. Journal of Range Management. 54:A51-A76, http://uvalde.tamu.edu/jrm/remote/auesursf.htm. Refereed.
- Bate, L.J., T.R. Torgersen, E.O. Garton, and M.J. Wisdom. 2002. Accuracy and efficiency of methods to sample logs for wildlife research and management. Pages 817-822 in W.F. Laudenslayer, Jr., P.J. Valentine, C.P. Weatherspoon, and T.E. Lisle, technical coordinators, Proceedings, symposium on the ecology and management of dead wood in western forests. Nov. 2-4, 1999, Reno, NV. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station PSW-GTR-181, Albany, CA. 949p.
- Bate L.J., E.O. Garton, and M.J. Wisdom. 2002. Sampling methods for snags and large trees important to wildlife. Pages 811-815 in W.F. Laudenslayer, Jr., P.J. Shea, B.E. Valenitne, C.P. Weatherspoon, and T.E. Lisle, technical coordinators, Proceedings, symposium on the ecology and management of dead wood in western forests, November 2-4, 1999, Reno, NV. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research PSW-GTR-181, Albany, CA. 949p.
- Hemstrom, M.A. M.J. Wisdom, W.J. Hann, M.M. Rowland, and R.A. Gravenmier. 2002. Sagebrush-steppe vegetation dynamics and restoration potential in the Interior Columbia Basin, USA. Conservation Biology 16:1243-1255. Refereed.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, B.C. Wales, M.A. Hemstrom, W.J. Hann, M.G. Raphael, R.S. Holthausen, R.A. Gravenmier, and T.D. Rich. 2002. Modeled effects of sagebrush-steppe restoration on Greater sage-grouse in the Interior Columbia Basin, USA. Conservation Biology 16:1223-1231. Refereed.
- Wisdom, M.J., B.C. Wales, M.M. Rowland, M.G. Raphael, R.S. Holthausen, T.D. Rich, and V.A. Saab. 2002. Performance of Greater sage-grouse models for conservation assessment in the Interior Columbia Basin, USA. Conservation Biology 16:1232-1242. Refereed.
- Wisdom, M.J., B.C. Wales, R.S. Holthausen, W.J. Hann, M.G. Hemstrom, and M.M. Rowland. 2002. A habitat network for terrestrial wildlife in the Interior Columbia Basin. Northwest Science 76:1-14. Refereed.
- Wisdom, M.J., N.M. Warren, and B.C. Wales. 2002. Vertebrates of conservation concern in the Interior Northwest: priorities for research. Northwest Science 76:90-97. Refereed.
- Raphael, M.G., M.J. Wisdom, and B.C. Wales. 2002. Status and trends in diversity of alpine vertebrates in the northwestern United States. Pages 191-197 In Korner, C., and E. M. Spehn, eidtors. Mountain Biodiversity; a global assessment. Parthenon Publishing, New York, NY. 336p.
- Hann, W.J., M.J. Wisdom, and M.M. Rowland. 2002. Disturbance departure and fragmentation of natural systems in the Interior Columbia Basin. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Research Paper PNW-RP-545. 20p
- Rowland, M.M., M.J. Wisdom, D.H. Johnson, B.C. Wales, J.P. Copeland, and F.B. Edelmann. 2003. Performance of landscape models for wolverine in the Interior Northwest. Journal of Mammalogy 84:92-105. Refereed.
- Hemstrom, M.A., A.A. Ager, M. Vavra, B.C. Wales, and M.J. Wisdom. 2004. A state and transition approach for integrating landscape models. Pages 17-32 in J.L. Hayes, A.A. Ager, and J.R. Barbour, tech. eds., Methods for integrated modeling of landscape change: Interior Northwest Landscape Analysis System. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-610. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. 218 p.
- Vavra, M., A.A. Ager, B. Johnson, M.J. Wisdom, M.A. Hemstrom, and R. Riggs. 2004. Modeling the effects of large herbivores – Pages 82-103 in Jane L. Hayes; Ager, Alan A.; Barbour, R. James, tech. eds., Methods for integrated modeling of landscape change: Interior Northwest Landscape Analysis System. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-610. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. 218 p.
- Bate, L.J., T.R. Torgersen, M.J. Wisdom, and E.O. Garton. 2004. Performance of sampling methods to estimate log characteristics for wildlife. Forest Ecology and Management 199:83-102. Refereed.
- Brillinger, D.R., H.K. Preisler, A.A. Ager, and M.J. Wisdom. 2004. Stochastic differential equations in the analysis of wildlife motion. 2004 Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Section on Statistics and the Environment [CD-ROM], Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
- Quigley, T.M., and M.J. Wisdom. 2004. The Starkey Project: long-term research for long-term management solutions. Transactions, North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69:443-454.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, B.K. Johnson, and B.L. Dick. 2004. Overview of the Starkey Project: mule deer and elk research for management benefits. Transactions, North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69:455-474.
- Kie, J.G., A.A. Ager, N.J. Cimon, M.J. Wisdom, M.M. Rowland, P.K. Coe, S.L. Findholt, B.K. Johnson, and M. Vavra. 2004. The Starkey database: spatial-environmental relations of North American elk, mule deer, and cattle at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range in Northeastern Oregon. Transactions, North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69:475-490.
- Rowland, M.M., M.J. Wisdom, B.K. Johnson, and M.A. Penninger. 2004. Effects of roads on elk: implications for management in forested ecosystems. Transactions, North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69:491-508.
- Wisdom, M.J., N.J. Cimon, B.K. Johnson, E.O. Garton, and J.W. Thomas. 2004. Spatial partitioning by mule deer and elk in relation to traffic. Transactions, North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69:509-530.
- Wisdom, M.J., A.A. Ager, H.K. Preisler, N.J. Cimon, and B.K. Johnson. 2004. Effects of off-road recreation on mule deer and elk. Transactions, North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69:531-550.
- Johnson, B.K., M.J. Wisdom, and J.G. Cook. 2004. Issues of elk productivity for research and management. Transactions, North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69:551-571
- Ager, A.A., B.K. Johnson, P.K. Coe, and M.J. Wisdom. 2004. Landscape simulation of foraging by elk, mule deer, and cattle on summer range. Transactions, North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69:687-707.
- Wisdom, M.J., B.K. Johnson, M. Vavra, J.M. Boyd, P.K. Coe, J.G. Kie, A.A. Ager, and N.J. Cimon. 2004. Cattle and elk responses to intensive timber harvest. Transactions, North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69:727-758.
- Vavra, M., M.J. Wisdom, J.G. Kie, J.G. Cook, and R.A. Riggs. 2004. The role of ungulate herbivory and management on ecosystem patterns and processes: future direction of the Starkey Project. Transactions, North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69:785-797.
- Thomas, J.W., and M.J. Wisdom. 2004. Has the Starkey Project delivered on its commitments? Transactions, North American Wildlife and Natural Resource Conference 69:798-812.
- Wisdom, M.J., technical editor. 2005. The Starkey Project: a synthesis of long-term studies of elk and mule deer. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, KS, USA. 252p.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and R.J. Tausch. 2005. Effective management strategies for sage-grouse and sagebrush: a question of triage? Transactions, North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 70:206-228.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, B.C. Wales, and M.A. Hemstrom. 2005. Broad-scale restoration effects on Greater sage-grouse: implications for multi-scale planning. In: Shaw, Nancy L.; Monsen, Stephen B.; Pellant, Mike, compilers. Sage grouse habitat restoration symposium proceedings; 2001 June 4-7, Boise, ID. Proc. RMRS-P-38. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
- Rich, T.D., M.J. Wisdom, and V.A. Saab. 2005. Conservation of priority birds in sagebrush ecosystems. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station General Technical Report PSW-GTR-191:589-606.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.K. Suring, editors. 2005. Habitat threats in the sagebrush ecosystem: methods of regional assessment and applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, KS, USA. 301p.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, L.H. Suring, L. Schueck, C.W. Meinke, and S.T. Knick. Evaluating species of conservation concern at regional scales. Chapter 1 in Part I: Methods of regional assessment for sagebrush-associated species of conservation concern. Pages 5-74 in Wisdom, M. J., M. M. Rowland, and L. H. Suring, editors. Habitat threats in the sagebrush ecosystem: methods of regional assessment and applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
- Rowland, M.M., and M.J. Wisdom. 2005. The Great Basin at risk. Chapter 2 in Part II: Regional assessment of habitats for species of conservation concern in the Great Basin. Pages 83-93 in Wisdom, M. J., M. M. Rowland, and L. H. Suring, editors. Habitat threats in the sagebrush ecosystem: methods of regional assessment and applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
- Suring, L.H., M.M. Rowland, M.J. Wisdom, L. Schueck, and C.W. Meinke. 2005. Vegetation communities. Chapter 3 in Part II: Regional assessment of habitats for species of conservation concern in the Great Basin. Pages 94-113 in Wisdom, M. J., M. M. Rowland, and L. H. Suring, editors. Habitat threats in the sagebrush ecosystem: methods of regional assessment and applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
- Suring, L.H., M.J. Wisdom, R.J. Tausch, R.F. Miller, M.M. Rowland, L. Schueck, and C.W. Meinke. 2005. Modeling threats to sagebrush and other shrubland communities. Chapter 4 in Part II: Regional assessment of habitats for species of conservation concern in the Great Basin. Pages 114-149 in Wisdom, M. J., M. M. Rowland, and L. H.Suring, editors. Habitat threats in the sagebrush ecosystem: methods of regional assessment and applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
- Suring, L.H., M.M. Rowland, and M.J. Wisdom. 2005. Identifying species of conservation concern. Chapter 5 in Part II: Regional assessment of habitats for species of conservation concern in the Great Basin. Pages 150-162 in Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.H. Suring, editors. Habitat threats in the sagebrush ecosystem: methods of regional assessment and applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Rowland, M.M., L.H. Suring, M.J. Wisdom, C.W. Meinke, and L. Schueck. 2005. Habitats for vertebrate species of conservation concern. Chapter 6 in Part II: Regional assessment of habitats for species of conservation concern in the Great Basin. Pages 163-204 in Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.H. Suring, editors. Habitat threats in the sagebrush ecosystem: methods of regional assessment and applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, L.H. Suring, L. Schueck, C.W. Meinke, S.T. Knick, and B.C. Wales. 2005. Habitats for groups of species. Chapter 7 in Part II: Regional assessment of habitats for species of conservation concern in the Great Basin. Pages 205-231 in Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.H. Suring, editors. Habitat threats in the sagebrush ecosystem: methods of regional assessment and applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
- Rowland, M.M., M.J. Wisdom, C.W. Meinke, and L.H. Suring. 2005. Utility of greater sage-grouse as an umbrella species. Chapter 8 in Part II: Regional assessment of habitats for species of conservation concern in the Great Basin. Pages 232-249 in Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.H. Suring, editors. Habitat threats in the sagebrush ecosystem: methods of regional assessment and applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.H. Suring. 2005. Assumptions and limitations for appropriate use. Chapter 9 in Part II: Regional assessment of habitats for species of conservation concern in the Great Basin. Pages 250-263 in Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.H. Suring, editors. Habitat threats in the sagebrush ecosystem: methods of regional assessment and applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
- Wisdom, M.J., L.H. Suring, and M.M. Rowland. 2005. Conclusions and management implications. Chapter 10 in Part II: Regional assessment of habitats for species of conservation concern in the Great Basin. Pages 264-272 in Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.H. Suring, editors. Habitat threats in the sagebrush ecosystem: methods of regional assessment and applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.K. Suring. 2005. Appendix 1: Glossary of terms. Pages 273-287 in Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.H. Suring, editors. Habitat Threats in the Sagebrush Ecosystem: Methods of Regional Assessment and Applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.K. Suring. 2005. Appendix 2: Identifying species of conservation concern in the sagebrush ecosystem. Page 288 in Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.H. Suring, editors. Habitat Threats in the Sagebrush Ecosystem: Methods of Regional Assessment and Applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.K. Suring. 2005. Appendix 3: Shortcut approaches to multi-species assessment. Page 289 in Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.H. Suring, editors. Habitat Threats in the Sagebrush Ecosystem: Methods of Regional Assessment and Applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.K. Suring. 2005. Appendix 4: Plant and animal species mentioned in text, excluding species of conservation concern. Pages 290-291 in Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.H. Suring, editors. Habitat Threats in the Sagebrush Ecosystem: Methods of Regional Assessment and Applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.K. Suring. 2005. Appendix 5: Species of conservation concern in the Great Basin. Pages 292-299 in Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.H. Suring, editors. Habitat Threats in the Sagebrush Ecosystem: Methods of Regional Assessment and Applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.K. Suring. 2005. Appendix 6: Habitats and associated risks for species of concern in the Great Basin Ecoregion and Nevada. Page 300 in Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.H. Suring, editors. Habitat Threats in the Sagebrush Ecosystem: Methods of Regional Assessment and Applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.K. Suring. 2005. Appendix 7: Summary results for BLM Field Offices in Nevada. Page 301 in Wisdom, M.J., M.M. Rowland, and L.H. Suring, editors. Habitat Threats in the Sagebrush Ecosystem: Methods of Regional Assessment and Applications in the Great Basin. Alliance Communications Group, Allen Press, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Cimon, N.J., and M.J. Wisdom. 2005. Accurate velocity estimates from inaccurate GPS data. Proceedings, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Tenth Biennial Remote Sensing Applications Conference, Salt Lake City, UT.
- Preisler, H.K., A.A. Ager, and M.J. Wisdom. 2006. Statistical methods for analyzing responses of wildlife to human disturbance. Journal of Applied Ecology 43:164-172. Refereed.
- Rowland, M.M., M.J. Wisdom, L. H. Suring, and C.W. Meinke. 2006. Greater Sage-Grouse as an umbrella species for sagebrush-associated vertebrates. Biological Conservation 129:323-335. Refereed.
- Wisdom, M.J., M. Vavra, J.M. Boyd, M.A. Hemstrom, A.A. Ager, and B.K. Johnson. 2006. Understanding ungulate herbivory-episodic disturbance effects: knowledge gaps and management needs. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34:283-292. Refereed.
- Vavra, M., M.A. Hemstrom, and M. Wisdom. 2007. Modeling the effects of herbivores on the abundance of forest overstory states using a state-transition approach in the upper Grande Ronde River Basin, Oregon, USA. Landscape and Urban Planning. 80:212-222. Refereed.
- Bate, L.J., M.J. Wisdom, and B.C. Wales. 2007. Snag densities in relation to human access and associated management factors in forests of Northeastern Oregon, USA. Landscape and Urban Planning. 80:278-291. Refereed.
- University of Idaho, Doctor Of Philosophy, Wildlife, Forestry, And Range Sciences, Wildlife, Forestry, and Range Sciences, 1998
- New Mexico State University, Master Of Science, Wildlife Science, Wildlife and Range Sciences, 1980
- University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Bachelor Of Science, Wildlife Management, Wildlife and Biology, 1977
Last updated June 10, 2026