Steve McNulty, PhD
Director, USDA Southeast Regional Climate Hub
steven.mcnulty@usda.gov
Treesearch Publications
- Benjamin O. Knapp, Jacob S. Fraser, Joanne Baggs, Vikram Chhatre, David Clabo, Connor D. Crouch, Daniel C. C. Dey, Shaik M. Hossain, Steven B. Jack, John M. Kabrick, Kathryn R. Kidd, Steve McNulty, Carl Nordman, Matthew G. Olson, Kyle Palmquist, Matthew Pelkki, Christopher Schalk, Michael C. Stambaugh, J. Morgan Varner, John Willis. 2026. Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata): Management Challenges, Knowledge Gaps, and Opportunities for an Unsung Species
- Xiaoyue Li, Yujuan Chen, Ge Sun, De’Etra Young, Steve McNulty, Marcus Williams, Chen Wang, William B. Sutton, Anjin Chang, Thomas D. Byl, Michelle Johnson. 2026. A Systematic Review of the Cooling Effects of Urban Forests
- İsmail Bilal Peker, Eren Dağra Sökmen, Ning Liu, Sezar Gülbaz, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Yusuf Serengil. 2026. Detecting Land Use Change Impacts on Streamflow by Combining Field Data and Water Balance Modelling
- Zihao Bian, Shufen Pan, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Xingchen Tony Wang, Changchun Huang, Hanqin Tian. 2026. Extreme precipitation reshapes nutrient flows and balance in North America’s largest river basin
- Erin T. H. Crockett, Qinfeng Guo, Jeff W. Atkins, Ge Sun, Kevin M. Potter, Jennifer Costanza, Scott V. Ollinger, Christopher W. W. Woodall, Steve McNulty, Carl Trettin, Justin Holgerson, Jingfeng Xiao. 2026. Influences of Structural and Species Diversity on Forest Resistance to Drought
- Ge Sun, Zihao Bian, Kul Khand, Peter V. Caldwell, Johnny Boggs, Chen Wang, Yujuan Chen, Ning Liu, Yulong Zhang, Xi Chen, Gabriel B. Senay, Steve McNulty. 2026. Large Streamflow Differences Between Forested and Urbanized Watersheds in the Energy‐Limited Eastern United States: The Role of Evapotranspiration and Impervious Surfaces
- Anantha M. Prasad, Matthew Peters, John Pedlar, Andrew Gougherty, Daniel McKenney, Franz Mora, Stephen Matthews, Steve McNulty, Lauro López‐Mata. 2025. Habitat and Migration Dynamics of North American Tree Species Under Climate Change
- Maricar Aguilos, Jiayin Zhang, Miko Belgado, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, John King. 2025. Determining Early Warning Thresholds to Detect Tree Mortality Risk in a Southeastern U.S
- Maricar Aguilos, Cameron Carter, Brandon Middlebrough, James Bulluck, Jackson Webb, Katie Brannum, John Oliver Watts, Margaux Lobeira, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, John King. 2024. Hydrologic Perturbation Is a Key Driver of Tree Mortality in Bottomland Hardwood Wetland Forests of North Carolina, USA
- Elijah Worley, Steve McNulty, Michael Gavazzi, Meredith Muth. 2024. Drought Impact Reporting Processes for the Agriculture Sector: An Assessment of Approaches, Barriers, and Opportunities in the Southeastern United States
- Jeremy Hoffman, Steve McNulty, Claudia Brown, Kathie Dello, Pamela Knox, Aranzazu Lascurain, Carl Michalonis, Gary Mitchum, Louie Rivers, Marie Schaefer, Gavin Smith, Janey Smith Camp, Kimberly Wood. 2024. Fifth National Climate Assessment, Southeast (Chapter 22)
- Johnny Boggs, Ge Sun, Jean‐Christophe Domec, Steve McNulty. 2024. Water use of co‐occurring loblolly ( Pinus taeda ) and shortleaf ( Pinus echinata ) in a loblolly pine plantation in the Piedmont
- Bhaskar Mitra, Kevan Minick, Michael Gavazzi, Prajaya Prajapati, Maricar Aguilos, Guofang Miao, Jean-Christophe Domec, Steve McNulty, Ge Sun, John S. King, Asko Noormets. 2024. Toward spectrally truthful models for gap-filling soil respiration and methane fluxes. A case study in coastal forested wetlands in North Carolina
- Feng Luo, Ling Liu, G. Geoff Wang, Vijay Kumar, Mark Ashton, Jacob Abernethy, Fatemeh Afghah, Matthew Browning, David Coyle, Philip Dames, Tom O’Halloran, James Hays, Patrick Heisl, Chenfanfu Jiang, Puskar Khanal, Venkat Narayan Krovi, Sara Kuebbing, Nianyi Li, JingJing Liang, Ninghao Liu, Steve McNulty, Christopher M. Oswalt, Neil Pederson, Demetri Terzopoulos, Christopher Woodall, Yongkai Wu, Jian Yang, Yin Yang, Liang Zhao. 2024. Artificial Intelligence for Climate Smart Forestry: A Forward Looking Vision
- Steve McNulty, Emma Archer, Mark Gush. 2024. Unknown tipping-points: a method for anticipating future forest disturbance
- Steve McNulty. 2024. Introduction
- Maricar Aguilos, Ge Sun, Ning Liu, Yulong Zhang, Gregory Starr, Andrew Christopher Oishi, Thomas O'Halloran, Jeremy Forsythe, Jingfeng Wang, Modi Zhu, Devendra M. Amatya, Benju Baniya, Steve McNulty, Asko Noormets, John King. 2024. Energy availability and leaf area dominate control of ecosystem evapotranspiration in the southeastern U.S.
- Dingjie Zhao, Qimeng Yang, Mingqi Sun, Yawen Xue, Baohua Liu, Baoquan Jia, Steve McNulty, Zhiqiang Zhang. 2023. Urbanization and greenspace effect on plant biodiversity variations in Beijing, China
- Zihao Bian, Hanqin Tian, Shufen Pan, Hao Shi, Chaoqun Lu, Christopher Anderson, Wei‐Jun Cai, Charles S. Hopkinson, Dubravko Justic, Latif Kalin, Steven Lohrenz, Steve McNulty, Naiqing Pan, Ge Sun, Zhuonan Wang, Yuanzhi Yao, Yongfa You. 2023. Soil legacy nutrients contribute to the decreasing stoichiometric ratio of N and P loading from the Mississippi River Basin
- Zihao Bian, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Shufen Pan, Hanqin Tian. 2023. Understanding the Shift of Drivers of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Based on Regional Process‐Based Modeling in the Mississippi River Basin During the Past Century
- Keqi He, Wenhong Li, Yu Zhang, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Neal E. Flanagan, Curtis J. Richardson. 2023. Identifying driving hydrogeomorphic factors of coastal wetland downgrading using random forest classification models
- Mingfang Zhang, Shirong Liu, Julia Jones, Ge Sun, Xiaohua Wei, David Ellison, Emma Archer, Steve McNulty, Heidi Asbjornsen, Zhiqiang Zhang, Yusuf Serengil, Meinan Zhang, Zhen Yu, Qiang Li, Junwei Luan, Ibrahim Yurtseven, Yiping Hou, Shiyu Deng, Zipei Liu. 2022. Managing the forest-water nexus for climate change adaptation
- Guofang Miao, Asko Noormets, Michael Gavazzi, Bhaskar Mitra, Jean‐Christophe Domec, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, John S. King. 2022. Beyond carbon flux partitioning: Carbon allocation and nonstructural carbon dynamics inferred from continuous fluxes
- Keqi He, Yu Zhang, Wenhong Li, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty. 2022. Detecting Coastal Wetland Degradation by Combining Remote Sensing and Hydrologic Modeling
- Maricar Aguilos, Ian Warr, Madison Irving, Olivia Gregg, Stanton Grady, Toby Peele, Asko Noormets, Ge Sun, Ning Liu, Steve McNulty, Forrest Pettay, Shamik Bhattacharya, Skylar Penney, Maccoy Kerrigan, Linqing Yang, Bhaskar Mitra, Prajaya Prajapati, Kevan Minick, John King. 2022. The Unabated Atmospheric Carbon Losses in a Drowning Wetland Forest of North Carolina: A Point of No Return?
- Elijah Worley, Ning Liu, Ge Sun, Steve P. Norman, Bill Christie, Michael Gavazzi, Johnny Boggs, Steve McNulty. 2022. Impacts of Hurricane Michael on watershed hydrology: A case study in the Southeastern United States
- Kai Duan, Peter V. Caldwell, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Yue Qin, Xiaohong Chen, Ning Liu. 2022. Climate change challenges efficiency of inter-basin water transfers in alleviating water stress
- Steve McNulty, Ashley Steel, Elaine Springgay, Ben Caldwell, Kenichi Shono, George Pess, Simon Funge-Smith, William Richards, Silvio Ferraz, Dan G. Neary, Jonathan W. Long, Bruno Verbist, Jackson M. Leonard, Ge Sun, Timothy Beechie, Michaela Lo, Lillian McGill, Aimee Fullerton, Simone Borelli. 2021. Managing forests for water [Chapter 3]
- Johnny Boggs, Ge Sun, Jean‐Christophe Domec, Steve McNulty. 2021. Variability of tree transpiration across three zones in a southeastern U.S. Piedmont watershed
- Pete Bettinger, Krista Merry, Alba Rocio Gutierrez Garzon, Taeyoon Lee, Jacek Siry, Steve McNulty, Michael Gavazzi. 2021. Stakeholder Perceptions on the Need for Updated Tree Species Distribution Maps
- Pete Bettinger, Krista Merry, Steve McNulty, Jacek Siry, Michael Gavazzi. 2021. Variation in Results of Three Biology‐Focused Search Engines: A Case Study Using North American Tree Species
- Krista Merry, Pete Bettinger, Jacek Siry, Steve McNulty, Michael Gavazzi. 2021. Forester Preferences on Revising Silvics of North America-a Survey of Registered Foresters in Four States
- Asko Noormets, Rosvel Bracho, Eric Ward, John Seiler, Brian Strahm, Wen Lin, Kristin McElligott, Jean‐Christophe Domec, Carlos Gonzalez‐Benecke, Eric J. Jokela, Daniel Markewitz, Cassandra Meek, Guofang Miao, Steve McNulty, John S. King, Lisa Samuelson, Ge Sun, Robert Teskey, Jason Vogel, Rodney Will, Jinyan Yang, Timothy A. Martin. 2021. Heterotrophic Respiration and the Divergence of Productivity and Carbon Sequestration
- Maricar Aguilos, Ge Sun, Asko Noormets, Jean-Christophe Domec, Steve McNulty, Michael Gavazzi, Kevan Minick, Bhaskar Mitra, Prajaya Prajapati, Yun Yang, John King. 2021. Effects of land-use change and drought on decadal evapotranspiration and water balance of natural and managed forested wetlands along the southeastern US lower coastal plain
- Steve McNulty, Michael Gavazzi. 2021. Hurricane preparation and recovery in the Southeastern United States
- Nancy Gibson, Steve McNulty, Chris Miller, Michael Gavazzi, Elijah Worley, Dan Keesee, David Hollinger. 2021. Identification, mitigation, and adaptation to salinization on working lands in the U.S. Southeast.
- Ben Bond-Lamberty, Danielle S. Christianson, Avni Malhotra, Stephanie C. Pennington, Debjani Sihi, Amir AghaKouchak, Hassan Anjileli, M. Altaf Arain, Juan J. Armesto, Samaneh Ashraf, Mioko Ataka, Dennis Baldocchi, Thomas Andrew Black, Nina Buchmann, Mariah S. Carbone, Shih‐Chieh Chang, Patrick Crill, Peter S. Curtis, Eric A. Davidson, Ankur R. Desai, John E. Drake, Tarek S. El‐Madany, Michael Gavazzi, Carolyn‐Monika Görres, Christopher M. Gough, Michael Goulden, Jillian Gregg, Omar Gutiérrez del Arroyo, Jin‐Sheng He, Takashi Hirano, Anya Hopple, Holly Hughes, Järvi Järveoja, Rachhpal Jassal, Jinshi Jian, Haiming Kan, Jason Kaye, Yuji Kominami, Naishen Liang, David Lipson, Catriona A. Macdonald, Kadmiel Maseyk, Kayla Mathes, Marguerite Mauritz, Melanie A. Mayes, Steve McNulty, Guofang Miao, Mirco Migliavacca, Scott Miller, Chelcy F. Miniat, Jennifer G. Nietz, Mats B. Nilsson, Asko Noormets, Hamidreza Norouzi, Christine S. O'Connell, Bruce Osborne, Cecilio Oyonarte, Zhuo Pang, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Jorge F. Perez‐Quezada, Claire L. Phillips, Richard P. Phillips, James W. Raich, Alexandre A. Renchon, Nadine K. Ruehr, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, Matthew Saunders, Kathleen E. Savage, Marion Schrumpf, Russell L. Scott, Ulli Seibt, Whendee L. Silver, Wu Sun, Daphne Szutu, Kentaro Takagi, Masahiro Takagi, Munemasa Teramoto, Mark G. Tjoelker, Susan Trumbore, Masahito Ueyama, Rodrigo Vargas, Ruth K. Varner, Joseph Verfaillie, Christoph Vogel, Jinsong Wang, Greg Winston, Tana E. Wood, Juying Wu, Thomas Wutzler, Jiye Zeng, Tianshan Zha, Quan Zhang, Junliang Zou. 2020. COSORE: A community database for continuous soil respiration and other soil-atmosphere greenhouse gas flux data
- Bhaskar Mitra, Kevan Minick, Guofang Miao, Jean-Christophe Domec, Prajaya Prajapati, Steve McNulty, Ge Sun, John S. King, Asko Noormets. 2020. Spectral evidence for substrate availability rather than environmental control of methane emissions from a coastal forested wetland
- Maricar Aguilos, Bhaskar Mitra, Asko Noormets, Kevan Minick, Prajaya Prajapati, Michael Gavazzi, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Xuefeng Li, Jean-Christophe Domec, Guofang Miao, John King. 2020. Long-term carbon flux and balance in managed and natural coastal forested wetlands of the Southeastern USA
- Dennis Hallema, François-Nicolas Robinne, Steve McNulty. 2020. Pandemic spotlight on urban water quality
- Peter V. Caldwell, Jonathan G. Kennen, Ernie F. Hain, Stacy A.C. Nelson, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty. 2020. Hydrologic modeling for flow-ecology science in the Southeastern United States and Puerto Rico
- Irena F. Creed, Julia A. Jones, Emma Archer, Marius Claassen, David Ellison, Steve McNulty, Meine van Noordwijk, Bhaskar Vira, Xiaohua Wei, Kevin Bishop, Juan A. Blanco, Mark Gush, Dipak Gyawali, Esteban Jobbágy, Antonio Lara, Christian Little, Julia Martin-Ortega, Aditi Mukherji, Daniel Murdiyarso, Paola Ovando Pol, Caroline A. Sullivan, Jianchu Xu. 2019. Managing forests for both downstream and downwind water
- Dennis Hallema, A. M. Kinoshita, D. A. Martin, F. -N Robinne, M Galleguillos, Steve McNulty, Ge Sun, K.K. Singh, R. S. Mordecai, P. F. Moore. 2019. Fire, forest and city water supplies
- Wen Lin, Jean-Christophe Domec, Eric Ward, John Marshall, John King, Marshall Laviner, Thomas Fox, Jason West, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Asko Noormets. 2019. Using δ13C and δ18O to analyze loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) response to experimental drought and fertilization
- Steve McNulty, Aurelia Baca, Michael Bowker, Steven Brantley, Tyler J. Dreaden, Steven W. Golladay, Tom Holmes, Natasha James, Shan Liu, Rima Lucardi, Albert (Bud) E. Mayfield, Ge Sun, Emrys Treasure, L. Mike Conner, Lora L. Smith, James Vose. 2019. Managing Effects of Drought in the Southeast United States
- Lu Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Lixin Chen, Steve McNulty. 2019. An investigation on the leaf accumulation-removal efficiency of atmospheric particulate matter for five urban plant species under different rainfall regimes
- Bhaskar Mitra, Guofang Miao, Kevan Minick, Steve McNulty, Ge Sun, Michael Gavazzi, John S. King, Asko Noormets. 2019. Disentangling the Effects of Temperature, Moisture, and Substrate Availability on Soil CO 2 Efflux
- Dennis Hallema, Ge Sun, Peter V. Caldwell, Francois-Nicolas Robinne, Kevin D. Bladon, Steve P. Norman, Yongqiang Liu, Erika C. Cohen, Steve McNulty. 2019. Wildland fire impacts on water yield across the contiguous United States
- Meine van Noordwijk, Irena F. Creed, Julia A. Wei Xiaohua (Adam) Jones, Mark Gush, Juan A. Blanco, Caroline A. Sullivan, Kevin Bishop, Daniel Murdiyarso, Jianchu Xu, Marius Claassen, Steve McNulty, David Ellison, Anders Malmer, Leendert A. (Sampurno) Bruijnzeel, Richard A. Harper, Hosea Mwangi, Andrew Hacket-Pain, Chloe Orland. 2018. Climate-forest-water-people relations: Seven system delineations
- Bhaskar Vira, David Ellison, Steve McNulty, Emma Archer, Kevink Claassen Bishop, Irena F. Creed, Mark Gush, Dipak Gyawali, Julia Martin-Ortega, Aditi Mukherji, David Murdiyarso, Paola Ovando Pol, Caroline A. Sullivan, Meine van Noordwijk, Xiaohua (Adam) Wei, Jianchu Xu, Maureen Reed, Sarah J. Wilson. 2018. Management options for dealing with changing forest-water relations
- Marius Claassen, Bhaskar Vira, Jianchu Xu, Dipak Gyawali, Julia Martin-Ortega, Paola Ovando Pol, Irena F. Creed, David Ellison, Steve McNulty, Emma Archer, Caroline A. Sullivan, Dominique (Nico) Trick, Christopher Schulz, Jacqueline Serran, David Aldred. 2018. Current and future Perspectives on forest-water goods and services
- IrenaF Creed, Meine van Noordwijk, Emma Archer, Marius Claassen, David Ellison, Julia A. Jones, Steve McNulty, Bhaskar Vira, Xiaohua (Adam). Wei. 2018. Forest, trees and water on a changing planet: How contemporary science can inform policy and practice
- Jones Julia A., Xiaohua (Adam) Wei, Meine van Noordwijk, Irena F. Creed, Mark Gush, David Ellison, Juan A. Blanco, Kevin Bishop, Steve McNulty, Emma Archer, Aida Bargués Tobella, Leendert A. (Sampurno) Bruijnzeel, Peter Duinker, David Foster, Aster Gebrekirstos, Krysta Giles-Hansen, Andrew Hacket-Pain, Richard A. Harper, Ulrik Ilstedt, Qiang Li, Yingchun Liao, Anders Malmer, Hosea Mwangi, Chloe Orland, James Steenberg, Yi Wang, Fiona Worthy, Jianchu Xu, Mingfang ZhangIn. 2018. Forest landscape hydrology in a ‘New Normal’ era of climate and land use change
- Steve McNulty, Emma Archer, Mark Gush, Meine van Noordwojk, David Ellison, Juan A. Blanco, Jianchu Xu, Kevin Bishop, Xiaohua adam) Wei, Bhaskar Vira, Irene F. Creed, Aditi Mukherji, Aurelia Baca, Jacqueline Serran, Richard A. Harper, David Aldred, Caroline A. Sullivan. 2018. Determinants of the Forest-Water Relationship
- Liangxia Zhang, Ge Sun, Erika C. Mack, Steve McNulty, Peter V. Caldwell, Suzanne Krieger, Jason Christian, Decheng Zhou, Kai Duan, Keren J. Cepero-Pérez. 2018. An improved water budget for the El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico, as determined by the Water Supply Stress Index Model
- Enzai Du, Wim de Vries, Steve McNulty, Mark E. Fenn. 2018. Bulk deposition of base cationic nutrients in China's forests: Annual rates and spatial characteristics
- Dennis Hallema, Ge Sun, Peter V. Caldwell, Steve P. Norman, Erika C. Cohen, Yongqiang Liu, Kevin D. Bladon, Steve McNulty. 2018. Burned forests impact water supplies
- Kai Duan, Ge Sun, Peter V. Caldwell, Steve McNulty, Yang Zhang. 2018. Implications of Upstream Flow Availability for Watershed Surface Water Supply Across the Conterminous United States
- Kenneth J. Bagstad, Erika C. Mack, Zachary H. Ancona, Steve McNulty, Ge Sun. 2018. The sensitivity of ecosystem service models to choices of input data and spatial resolution
- Steve McNulty, Johnny Boggs, John D. Aber, Lindsey Rustad. 2017. Spruce-fir forest changes during a 30-year nitrogen saturation experiment
- Eric J. Ward, Jean-Christophe Domec, John King, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Asko Noormets. 2017. TRACC: an open source software for processing sap flux data from thermal dissipation probes
- David J. Nowak, Neelam C. Poudyal, Steve McNulty. 2017. Forest ecosystem services: Carbon and air quality
- Ernie F. Hain, Jonathan G. Kennen, Peter V. Caldwell, Stacy A.C. Nelson, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty. 2017. Using regional scale flow-ecology modeling to identify catchments where fish assemblages are most vulnerable to changes in water availability
- Guofang Miao, Asko Noormets, Jean-Christophe Domec, Montserrat Fuentes, Carl C. Trettin, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, John S. King. 2017. Hydrology and microtopography control carbon dynamics in wetlands: Implications in partitioning ecosystem respiration in a coastal plain forested wetland
- Jie Zhu, Ge Sun, Wenhong Li, Yu Zhang, Guofang Miao, Asko Noormets, Steve McNulty, John S. King, Mukesh Kumar, Xuan Wang. 2017. Modeling the potential impacts of climate change on the water table level of selected forested wetlands in the southeastern United States
- Steve McNulty, Enzai Du, Elena Paoletti. 2017. Virtual Special Issue Preface: Forest Response to Environmental Stress: Impacts and Adaptation
- Dennis Hallema, Ge Sun, Kevin D. Bladon, Steve P. Norman, Peter V. Caldwell, Yongqiang Liu, Steve McNulty. 2017. Regional patterns of postwildfire streamflow response in the Western United States: The importance of scale-specific connectivity
- Wen Lin, Asko Noormets, John S. King, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Jean-Christophe Domec, Lucas Cernusak. 2017. An extractive removal step optimized for a high-throughput α-cellulose extraction method for δ 13 C and δ 18 O stable isotope ratio analysis in conifer tree rings
- Chunwei Liu, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Asko Noormets, Yuan Fang. 2017. Environmental controls on seasonal ecosystem evapotranspiration/potential evapotranspiration ratio as determined by the global eddy flux measurements
- Johnny Boggs, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty. 2017. The effects of stream crossings on total suspended sediment in North Carolina Piedmont forests
- Kai Duan, Ge Sun, Yang Zhang, Khairunnisa Yahya, Kai Wang, James M. Madden, Peter V. Caldwell, Erika C. Mack, Steve McNulty. 2017. Impact of air pollution induced climate change on water availability and ecosystem productivity in the conterminous United States
- Dennis Hallema, Ge Sun, Peter V. Caldwell, Steve P. Norman, Erika C. Mack, Yongqiang Liu, Eric J. Ward, Steve McNulty. 2016. Assessment of wildland fire impacts on watershed annual water yield: Analytical framework and case studies in the United States
- Steve McNulty, Erika C. Mack, Ge Sun, Peter V. Caldwell. 2016. Hydrologic modeling for water resource assessment in a developing country: the Rwanda case study
- Ge Sun, Devendra M. Amatya, Steve McNulty. 2016. Forest hydrology
- Shanlei Sun, Ge Sun, Erika C. Mack, Steve McNulty, Peter V. Caldwell, Kai Duan, Yang Zhang. 2016. Projecting water yield and ecosystem productivity across the United States by linking an ecohydrological model to WRF dynamically downscaled climate data
- Michael Gavazzi, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, E.A Treasure, M.G Wightman. 2016. Canopy rainfall interception measured over ten years in a coastal plain loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation
- Kai Duan, Ge Sun, Shanlei Sun, Peter V. Caldwell, Erika C. Mack, Steve McNulty, Heather D. Aldridge, Yang Zhang. 2016. Divergence of ecosystem services in U.S. National Forests and Grasslands under a changing climate
- Ge Sun, Shanlei Sun, Jingfeng Xiao, Peter V. Caldwell, Devendra M. Amatya, Suat Irmak, Prasanna H. Gowda, Sudhanshu Panda, Steve McNulty, Yang Zhang. 2016. Estimating watershed evapotranspiration across the United States using multiple methods
- Johnny Boggs, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty. 2016. Paired forested watershed experiments in the Piedmont of North Carolina
- Dennis Hallema, Ge Sun, Peter V. Caldwell, Steve P. Norman, Erika C. Cohen, Yongqiang Liu, Steve McNulty. 2016. Relationships between wildland fires and watershed hydrology across the contiguous U.S
- C. Liu, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, S. Kang. 2015. An Improved evapotranspiration model for an apple orchard in northwestern China
- S. Sun, Ge Sun, Erika C. Mack, Steve McNulty, Peter V. Caldwell, K. Duan, Y. Zhang. 2015. Predicting future US water yield and ecosystem productivity by linking an ecohydrological model to WRF dynamically downscaled climate projections
- Ryan E Emanuel, John Buckley, Peter V. Caldwell, Steve McNulty, Ge Sun. 2015. Influence of basin characteristics on the effectiveness and downstream reach of interbasin water transfers: displacing a problem
- Steve McNulty, Sarah Weiner, Jennifer Moore Myers, Hamid Farahani, Lisa Fouladbash, David Marshall, Rachel F. Steele. 2015. Southeast regional climate hub assessment of climate change vulnerability and adaptation and mitigation strategies
- Shiying Tian, Mohamed A. Youssef, Ge Sun, George M. Chescheir, Asko Noormets, Devendra M. Amatya, R. Wayne Skaggs, John S. King, Steve McNulty, Michael Gavazzi, Guofang Miao, Jean-Christophe Domec. 2015. Testing DRAINMOD-FOREST for predicting evapotranspiration in a mid-rotation pine plantation
- A. Noormets, D. Epron, J.C. Domec, Steve McNulty, T. Fox, Ge Sun, J.S. King. 2015. Effects of forest management on productivity and carbon sequestration: A review and hypothesis
- M. Kang, Z. Zhang, A. Noormets, X. Fang, T. Zha, J. Zhou, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, J. Chen. 2015. Energy partitioning and surface resistance of a poplar plantation in northern China
- Shanlei Sun, Ge Sun, Peter V. Caldwell, Steve McNulty, Erika Cohen, Jingfeng Xiao, Yang Zhang. 2015. Drought impacts on ecosystem functions of the U.S. National Forests and Grasslands: Part II assessment results and management implications
- Jean-Christophe Domec, John S. King, Eric Ward, Andrew C. Oishi, Sari Palmroth, Andrew Radecki, Dave M. Bell, Guofang Miao, Michael Gavazzi, Daniel Johnson, Steve McNulty, Ge Sun, Asko Noormets. 2015. Conversion of natural forest to managed forest plantations decreases tree resistance to prolonged droughts
- Johnny Boggs, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty. 2015. Effects of timber harvest on water quantity and quality in small watersheds in the Piedmont of North Carolina
- Eric J. Ward, Jean-Christophe Domec, Marshall A. Laviner, Thomas R. Fox, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, John King, Asko Noormets. 2015. Fertilization intensifies drought stress: water use and stomatal conductance of Pinus taeda in a midrotation fertilization and throughfall reduction experiment
- Yuan Fang, Ge Sun, Peter V. Caldwell, Steve McNulty, Asko Noormets, Jean-Christophe Domec, John King, Zhiqiang Zhang, Xudong Zhang, Guanghui Lin, Guangsheng Zhou, Jingfeng Xiao, Jiquan Chen. 2015. Monthly land cover-specific evapotranspiration models derived from global eddy flux measurements and remote sensing data
- Peter V. Caldwell, Jonathan G. Kennen, Ge Sun, Julie E. Kiang, Jon B. Butcher, Michele C. Eddy, Lauren E. Hay, Jacob H. LaFontaine, Ernie F. Hain, Stacy A. C. Nelson, Steve McNulty. 2015. A comparison of hydrologic models for ecological flows and water availability
- Ge Sun, Peter V. Caldwell, Steve McNulty. 2015. Modelling the potential role of forest thinning in maintaining water supplies under a changing climate across the conterminous United States
- Johnny Boggs, Ge Sun, Jean-Christophe Domec, Steve McNulty, Emrys Treasure. 2015. Clearcutting upland forest alters transpiration of residual trees in the riparian buffer zone
- Jie Zhou, Zhiqiang Zhang, Ge Sun, Xianrui Fang, Tonggang Zha, Jiquan Chen, Asko Noormets, Junting Guo, Steve McNulty. 2014. Water-use efficiency of a poplar plantation in Northern China
- Catalina Segura, Peter V. Caldwell, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Yang Zhang. 2014. A model to predict stream water temperature across the conterminous USA
- David L. Peterson, J.M. Wolken, Teresa Hollingsworth, Christian P. Giardina, J.S. Littell, Linda A. Joyce, Chris Swanston, Stephen Handler, Lindsey Rustad, Steve McNulty. 2014. Regional Highlights of Climate Change
- Jiquan Chen, Ranjeet John, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Asko Noormets, Jingfeng Xiao, Monica G. Turner, Jerry F. Franldin. 2014. Carbon fluxes and storages in forests and landscapes
- Michael Gavazzi, Steve McNulty. 2014. The influence of prescribed fire and burn interval on fuel loads in four North Carolina forest ecosystems
- Tom Holmes, Steve McNulty, James Vose, Jeffrey P. Prestemon, Harbin Li. 2014. A conceptual framework for adaptive forest management under climate change
- Steve McNulty, Johnny Boggs, Ge Sun. 2014. The rise of the mediocre forest: why chronically stressed trees may better survive extreme episodic climate variability
- C. Segura, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Y. Zhang. 2014. Potential impacts of climate change on soil erosion vulnerability across the conterminous United States
- Emrys Treasure, Steve McNulty, Jennifer Moore Myers, Lisa Nicole Jennings. 2014. Template for Assessing Climate Change Impacts and Management Options: TACCIMO user guide version 2.2
- D. Quattrochi, K. Dow, J. Gaffney, P. Long, Steve McNulty, M. Shepherd, S. Shuford, B. Stone. 2013. Climate Interactions with the Built Environment in the Southeast USA
- L. Carter, K. Dow, J. Anderson, S. Asseng, C. Hopkinson, C. Konrad, Steve McNulty, K. Mitchell, K. Moody, D. Quattrochi, P. Schramm, Ge Sun, L. Swann. 2013. Climate Change in the Southeast USA: Executive Summary
- K. Dow, L. Carter, A. Brosius, E. Diaz, R. Durbrow, R. Evans, S. Fauver, T. Hayden, B. Howard, K. Jacobs, G. Landers, Steve McNulty, J. Nicholson, D. Quattrochi, L. Rimer, S. Shuford, S. Stiles, A. Terando. 2013. Climate Adaptations in the Southeast USA
- LeeAnna Y. Chapman, Steve McNulty, Ge Sun, Yang Zhang. 2013. Net nitrogen mineralization in natural ecosystems across the conterminous US
- K. Averyt, J. Meldrum, Peter V. Caldwell, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, A. Huber-Lee, N. Madden. 2013. Sectoral contributions to surface water stress in the coterminous United States
- Guofang Miao, Asko Noormets, Jean-Christophe Domec, Carl C. Trettin, Steve McNulty, Ge Sun, John S. King. 2013. The effect of water table fluctuation on soil respiration in a lower coastal plain forested wetland in the southeastern U.S.
- Andrzej Bytnerowicz, Mark E. Fenn, Steve McNulty, Fengming Yuan, Afshin Pourmokhtarian, Charles Driscoll, Tom Meixner. 2013. Interactive effects of air pollution and climate change on forest ecosystems in the United States: current understanding and future scenarios
- Jason Cole, Kristofer Johnson, Richard Birdsey, Yude Pan, Craig Wayson, Kevin McCullough, Coeli Hoover, David Hollinger, John B. Bradford, Michael G. Ryan, Randy Kolka, Peter Wieshampel, Ken Clark, Nicholas Skowronski, John Hom, Scott V. Ollinger, Steve McNulty, Michael Gavazzi. 2013. Database for landscape-scale carbon monitoring sites
- Ge Sun, Peter V. Caldwell, Steve McNulty, Eric Ward, Jean-Christophe Domec, Asko Noormets. 2013. Regional carbon sequestration and climate change: It’s all about water
- Matthew P. Thompson, Bruce G. Marcot, Frank R. Thompson, Steve McNulty, Larry A. Fisher, Michael C. Runge, David Cleaves, Monica Tomosy. 2013. The science of decisionmaking: applications for sustainable forest and grassland management in the National Forest System
- L.N. Jennings, Emrys Treasure, Steve McNulty. 2013. Climate Change and Your National Forest: Assessing the potential effects of climate change on the El Yunque National Forest
- Ge Sun, Peter V. Caldwell, Steve McNulty, Aris P. Georgakakos, Sankar Arumugam, James Cruise, Richard T. McNider, Adam Terando, Paul A. Conrads, John Feldt, Vasu Misra, Luigi Romolo, Todd C. Rasmussen, Dan Marion. 2013. Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Water Resources in the Southeast USA
- Steve McNulty, Peter V. Caldwell, Thomas W. Doyle, Kurt Johnsen, Yongqiang Liu, Jacqueline Mohan, Jeffrey P. Prestemon, Ge Sun. 2013. Forests and Climate Change in the Southeast USA
- Graeme Lockaby, Chelsea Nagy, James Vose, Chelcy F. Miniat, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Peter V. Caldwell, Erika C. Mack, Jennifer Moore Myers. 2013. Forests and Water
- Steve McNulty, Jennifer Moore Myers, Peter V. Caldwell, Ge Sun. 2013. Climate Change Summary
- Steve McNulty, Erika C. Mack, Jennifer Moore Myers. 2013. Climate change impacts on forest soil critical acid loads and exceedances at a national scale
- Jie Zhou, Zhiqiang Zhang, Ge Sun, Xianrui Fang, Tonggang Zha, Steve McNulty, Jiquan Chen, Ying Jin, Asko Noormets. 2013. Response of ecosystem carbon fluxes to drought events in a poplar plantation in Northern China
- Johnny Boggs, Ge Sun, David Jones, Steve McNulty. 2013. Effect of soils on water quantity and quality in Piedmont forested headwater watersheds of North Carolina
- Lisa Jennings, Emrys Treasure, Jennifer Moore Myers, Steve McNulty, Sean Brogan, David Jones. 2012. North Carolina's Emerging Forest Threats: Management Options for Healthy Forests
- Jean-Christophe Domec, Ge Sun, Asko Noormets, Michael Gavazzi, Emrys Treasure, Erika C. Mack, Jennifer J. Swenson, Steve McNulty, John S. King. 2012. A comparison of three methods to estimate evapotranspiration in two contrasting loblolly pine plantations: age-related changes in water use and drought sensitivity of evapotranspiration components
- Steve McNulty, Jean-Christophe Domec, Michael Gavazzi, Ge Sun, John S. King, Asko Noormets. 2012. The role of harvest residue in rotation cycle carbon balance in loblolly pine plantations
- Bruce G. Marcot, Matthew P. Thompson, Michael C. Runge, Frank R. Thompson, Steve McNulty, David Cleaves, Monica Tomosy, Larry A. Fisher, Andrew Bliss. 2012. Recent advances in applying decision science to managing national forests
- Peter V. Caldwell, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Erika C. Mack, Jennifer Moore Myers. 2012. Impacts of impervious cover, water withdrawals, and climate change on river flows in the conterminous US
- K.F. Crowley, B.E. McNeil, G.M. Lovett, C.D. Canham, C.T. Driscoll, Lindsey Rustad, E. Denny, R.A. Hallett, M.A. Arthur, Johnny Boggs, C.L. Goodale, J.S. Kahl, Steve McNulty, S.V. Ollinger, Linda Pardo, Paul Schaberg, J.L. Stoddard, M.P. Weand, K.C. Weather. 2012. Do nutrient limitation patterns shift from nitrogen toward phosphorus with increasing nitrogen deposition across the northeastern United States?
- Hanqin Tian, Guangsheng Chen, Chi Zhang, Mingliang Liu, Ge Sun, Arthur Chappelka, Wei Ren, Xiaofeng Xu, Chaoqun Lu, Shufen Pan, Hua Chen, Dafeng Hui, Steve McNulty, Graeme Lockaby, Eric Vance. 2012. Century-Scale Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Flux to Multiple Environmental Changes in the Southern United States
- Jean-Christophe Domec, Jérôme Ogée, Asko Noormets, Julien Jouangy, Michael Gavazzi, Emrys Treasure, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, John S. King. 2012. Interactive effects of nocturnal transpiration and climate change on the root hydraulic redistribution and carbon and water budgets of southern United States pine plantations
- S. J. Goetz, B. Bond-Lamberty, B. E. Law, J. A. Hicke, C. Huang, R. A. Houghton, Steve McNulty, T. O’Halloran, M. Harmon, A. J. H. Meddens, E. M. Pfeifer, D. Mildrexler, E. S. Kasischke. 2012. Observations and assessment of forest carbon dynamics following disturbance in North America
- Amy E. Daniels, J.F. Morrison, Linda A. Joyce, Nicholas L. Crookston, Shyh-Chin Chen, Steve McNulty. 2012. Climate projections FAQ
- Steve McNulty, Jennifer Moore Myers, Peter V. Caldwell, Ge Sun. 2011. Chapter 3: Climate Change
- Graeme Lockaby, Chelsea Nagy, James Vose, Chelcy F. Miniat, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Peter V. Caldwell, Erika C. Mack, Jennifer Moore Myers. 2011. Chapter 13: Water and Forests
- Ge Sun, Peter Caldwell, Asko Noormets, Steve McNulty, Erika C. Mack, al. et. 2011. Upscaling key ecosystem functions across the conterminous United States by a water‐centric ecosystem model
- Steve McNulty. 2010. Critical acid load limits in a changing climate: implications and solutions
- A. Noormets, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Michael Gavazzi, J. Chen, J.-C. Domec, J.S. King, Devendra M. Amatya, R.W. Skaggs. 2010. Corrigendum: “Energy and water balance of two contrasting loblolly pine plantations on the lower coastal plain of North Carolina, USA” [Foreco 259: 1299–1310]
- T.C. McDonnell, B.J. Cosby, T.J. Sullivan, Steve McNulty, Erika C. Mack. 2010. Comparison among model estimates of critical loads of acidic deposition using different sources and scales of input data
- Johnny Boggs, Steve McNulty. 2010. Changes in canopy cover alter surface air and forest floor temperature in a high-elevation red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) forest
- J.-C. Domec, J.S. King, A. Noormets, Emrys Treasure, Michael Gavazzi, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty. 2010. Hydraulic redistribution of soil water by roots affects whole-stand evapotranspiration and net ecosystem carbon exchange
- Jingfeng Xiao, Qianlai Zhuang, Beverly E. Law, Jiquan Chen, Dennis D. Baldocchi, David R. Cook, Ram Oren, Andrew D. Richardson, Sonia Wharton, Siyan Ma, Tomothy A. Martin, Shashi B. Verma, Andrew E. Suyker, Russel L. Scott, Russel K. Monson, Marcy Litvak, David Y. Hollinger, Ge Sun, Kenneth J. Davis, Paul V. Bolstad, Sean P. Burns, Peter S. Curtis, BErt G. Drake, Matthias Falk, MArc L. Fischer, David R. Foster, Lianhong Gu, Julian L. Hadley, Gabriel G. Katul, Roser Matamala, Steve McNulty, Tilden P. Meyers, J. William Munger, Asko Noormets, Walter C. Oechel, Kyaw Tha U Paw, Hans Peter Schmid, Gregory Starr, Margaret S. Torn, Steven C. Wofsy. 2010. A continuous measure of gross primary production for the conterminous United States derived from MODIS and AmeriFlux data
- Asko Noormets, Michael Gavazzi, Steve McNulty, Jean-Christophe Domec, Ge Sun, John S. King, Jiquan Chen. 2010. Response of carbon fluxes to drought in a coastal plain loblolly pine forest
- Ge Sun, Changqing Zuo, Shiyu Liu, Mingliang Liu, Steve McNulty, James Vose. 2009. Watershed evapotranspiration increased due to changes in vegetation composition and structure under a subtropical climate.
- Shi Qi, Yunqi Wang, Ge Sun, Yubao Xiao, Jinzhao Zhu, Hailong Yang, Xiaojing Hu, Bin Wu, Yujie Wang, Steve McNulty. 2009. Effects of forest composition and spatial patterns on storm flows of a small watershed
- I. Thompson, B. Mackey, Steve McNulty, A. Mosseler. 2009. Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change
- S. Wang, Z. Zhang, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, M. Zhang. 2009. Detecting water yield variability due to the small proportional land use and land cover changes in a watershed on the Loess Plateau, China
- Linda A. Joyce, Geoffrey M. Blate, Steve McNulty, Connie I. Millar, Susanne Moser, Ron Neilson, David L. Peterson. 2009. Managing for multiple resources under climate change: national forests
- E.L. Aronson, Steve McNulty. 2009. Appropriate experimental ecosystem warming methods by ecosystem, objective, and practicality
- S. Qi, Ge Sun, Y. Wang, Steve McNulty, J.A. Moore Myers. 2009. Streamflow response to climate and landuse changes in a coastal watershed in North Carolina
- J.-C. Domec, A. Noormets, Ge Sun, J. King, Steve McNulty, Michael Gavazzi, Johnny Boggs, Emrys Treasure. 2009. Decoupling the influence of leaf and root hydraulic conductances on stomatal conductance and its sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit as soil dries in a drained loblolly pine plantation
- Burkhard Wilske, Long Wei, Shiping Chen, Tonggang Zha, Chenfeng Liu, Wenting Xu, Asko Noormets, Jianhui Haung, Yafen Wei, Jun Chen, Zhiqiang Zhang, Jian Ni, Ge Sun, Kirk Guo, Steve McNulty, Ranjeet John, Xiangguo Han, Guanghui Lin, Jiquan Chen. 2009. Poplar plantation has the potential to alter the water balance in semiarid inner Mongolia
- G. M. Blate, Linda A. Joyce, J. S. Littell, Steve McNulty, Connie I. Millar, S. C. Moser, Ron Neilson, K. O’Halloran, David L. Peterson. 2009. Adapting to climate change in United States national forests
- Jared L. DeForest, Jiquan Chen, Steve McNulty. 2009. Leaf litter is an important mediator of soil respiration in an oak-dominated forest
- Jingfeng Xiao, Qianlai Zhuang, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Beverly E. Law, Andrew D. Richardson, Jiquan Chen, Ram Oren, Gegory Starr, Asko Noormets, Siyan Ma, Sashi B. Verma, Sonia Wharton, Steven C. Wofsy, Paul V. Bolstad, Sean P. Burns, David R. Cook, Peter S. Curtis, Bert G. Drake, Matthias Falk, MArc L. Fischer, David R. Foster, Lianhong Gu, Julian L. Hadley, David Hollinger, Gabriel G. Katul, Marcy Litvak, Timothy Martin, Roser Matamala, Steve McNulty, Tilden P. Meyers, Russell K. Monson, J. William Munger, Walter C. Oechel, Kyaw Tha Paw U, Hans Peter Schmid, Russell L. Scott, Ge Sun, Andrew E. Suyker, Margaret S. Torn. 2008. Estimation of net ecosystem carbon exchange for the conterminous United States by combining MODIS and AmeriFlux data
- Tyler Crumbley, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty. 2008. Modeling soil erosion and sediment transport from fires in forested watersheds of the South Carolina Piedmont
- Asko Noormets, Steve McNulty, Jared L. DeForest, Ge Sun, Qinglin Li, Jiquan Chen. 2008. Drought during canopy development has lasting effect on annual carbon balance in a deciduous temperate forest
- Tyler Crumbley, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty. 2007. Modeling soil erosion and sediment transport from fires in forested watersheds of the South Carolina Piedmont
- J. Lu, Ge Sun, Devendra M. Amatya, S. V. Harder, Steve McNulty. 2006. Understanding the Hydrologic Response of a Coastal Plain Watershed to Forest Management and Climate Change in South Carolina, U.S.A.
- W. Cao, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, J. Chen, A. Noormets, R. W. Skaggs, Devendra M. Amatya. 2006. Evapotranspiration of a Mid-Rotation Loblolly Pine Plantation and a Recently Harvested Stands on the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, U.S.A.
- J. L. Deforest, Ge Sun, A. Noormets, J. Chen, Steve McNulty, M. Gavazzi, Devendra M. Amatya, R. W. Skaggs. 2006. Carbon and Water Fluxes in a Drained Coastal Clearcut and a Pine Plantation in Eastern North Carolina
- Jared L. DeForest, Askoo Noormets, Steve McNulty, Ge Sun, Gwen Teeney, Jiquan Chen. 2006. Phenophases alter the soil respiration-temperature relationship in an oak-dominated forest
- Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, J. Lu, Devendra M. Amatya, Y. Liang, Randy Kolka. 2005. Regional annual water yield from forest lands and its response to potential deforestation across the southeastern United States
- Jianbiao Lu, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Devendra M. Amatya. 2005. A comparison of six potential evapotranspiration methods for regional use in the Southeastern United States
- Changsheng Li, Carl C. Trettin, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl. 2005. Modeling carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry in forest ecosystems
- James Vose, Stephanie H. Laseter, Steve McNulty. 2005. Stream nitrogen responses to fire in the Southeastern U.S.
- Hermann Gucinski, Ron Neilson, Steve McNulty. 2004. Implications of global climate change for Southern forests: Can we separate fact from fiction?
- Linda A. Joyce, John Aber, Steve McNulty, virginia Dale, Andrew Hansen, Lloyd Irland, Ron Neilson, Kenneth E. Skog. 2001. Potential consequences of climate variability and change for the forests of the United States
- Kurt Johnsen, Lisa Samuelson, Robert Teskey, Steve McNulty, Tom Fox. 2001. Process models as tools in forestry research and management
- John Aber, Ronald P. Neilson, Steve McNulty, James Lenihan, Dominque Bachelet, Raymond J. Drapek. 2001. Forest processes and global environmental change: predicting the effects of individual and multiple stressors
- Virginia H. Dale, Linda A. Joyce, Steve McNulty, Ronald P. Neilson, Matthew P. Ayres, Michael D. Flannigan, Paul J. Hanson, Lloyd C. Irland, Ariel Lugo, Chris J. Peterson, Daniel Simberloff, Frederick J. Swanson, Brian J. Stocks, Michael Wotton. 2001. Climate change and forest disturbances
- T.D. Perkins, G.T. Adams, S.T. Lawson, Paul Schaberg, Steve McNulty. 2000. Long-term nitrogen fertilization increases winter injury in montane red spruce foliage (Picea rubens) foliage
- Ge Sun, Devendra M. Amatya, Steve McNulty, R. Wayne Skaggs, Joseph H. Hughes. 2000. Climate Change Impacts on the Hydrology and Productivity of a Pine Plantation
- Virginia H. Dale, Linda A. Joyce, Steve McNulty, Ronald P. Neilson. 2000. The interplay between climate change, forests, and disturbances
Data and Tools
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, Ph.D., Natural Resources, 1991
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, M.S., Forestry, 1987
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, B.S., Natural Resources, 1985
Last updated March 30, 2026