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- Wood-plastic composites (WPCs), commonly used in residential decks and railings, exhibit mechanical behavior that is bimodal, anisotropic, and nonlinear viscoelastic. They exhibit different stress-strain responses to tension and compression, both of which are nonlinear. Their mechanical properties vary with respect to extrusion direction, their deformation under sustained load is time-dependent (they experience creep), and the severity of creep is stress-dependent. Because of these complexities, it is beneficial to create a mechanics-based predictive model that will calculate the material’s...AuthorsScott E. Hamel, John C. Hermanson, Steven M. CramerKeywordsSourceJournal of Materials in Civil EngineeringYear2014
- The unique aspect of polymer composites reinforced by various fillers or additives is that the mechanical properties of the material can be tailored to fit a variety of uses: construction, transportation, industrial, and consumer applications. By selecting a specific reinforcement or designing a particular manufacturing process a material with desired properties can be achieved. In recent years, interest in composites reinforced by renewable materials (wood flour/cellulose fibers) has grown tremendously because of social requests for low environmental impact (biodegradable materials),...AuthorsYucheng Peng, Sergio A. Gallegos, Douglas J. Gardner, Yousoo Han, Zhiyong CaiKeywordsSourcePolymer CompositesYear2014
- Bamboo is a type of biomass material and has great potential as a bioenergy resource of the future in China. Some properties of bamboo pellets, length, diameter, moisture content (MC), particle density, bulk density, durability, fine content, ash, gross calorific value, combustion rate and heat release rate, were determined and the effects of MC and particle size (PS) on these properties were investigated in this research. The results showed that bamboo pellets will be the proposed new biomass solid fuel and have the potential to be developed as commercial pellets. All properties of bamboo...AuthorsZhijia Liu, Benhua Fei, Zehui Jiang, Zhiyong Cai, Xing'e LiuSourceWood Sci Technol (2014), 48Year2014
- Among current endeavors to explore renewable energy technologies, photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting holds great promise for conversion of solar energy to chemical energy. [ 1–4 ] Light absorption, charge separation, and appropriate interfacial redox reactions are three key aspects that lead to highly efficient solar energy conversion. [ 5–10 ] Therefore, development of highperformance PEC electrodes has been concentrated largely on engineering the band structure of photoanodes, enlarging semiconductor- electrolyte interfacial area, and enabling rapid charge separation, collection,...AuthorsZhaodong Li, Chunhua Yao, Yanhao Yu, Zhiyong Cai, Xudong WangSourceAdvanced MaterialsYear2014
- A thorough analysis of the kraft pulping process makes it obvious why it has dominated for over a century as an industrial process with no replacement in sight. It uses low cost raw materials, collects and regenerates over 90% of the chemicals needed in the process, is indifferent to wood raw material and good at preserving the cellulose portion of the wood which is the part that provides strong fibers. Although an odiferous process, extremely capital intensive, and very poor at preserving hemicellulose yield, no alternatives have been able to replace it for process cost and product...AuthorsAlan W. Rudie, Peter W. HartSourceTAPPI PEERS, Tacoma, WA, September 14-17, 2014, Preprint 4-1. 2014Year2014
- Plant pathogenic fungi are a large and diverse assemblage of eukaryotes with substantial impacts on natural ecosystems and human endeavours. These taxa often have complex and poorly understood life cycles, lack observable, discriminatory morphological characters, and may not be amenable to in vitro culturing. As a result, species identification is frequently difficult. Molecular (DNA sequence) data have emerged as crucial information for the taxonomic identification of plant pathogenic fungi, with the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region being the most popular marker.AuthorsR. Henrik Nilsson, Kevin Hyde, Julia Pawłowska, Martin Ryberg, Leho Tedersoo, Anders Bjørnsgard Aas, Siti A. Alias, Artur Alves, Cajsa Lisa Anderson, Alexandre Antonelli, A. Elizabeth Arnold, Barbara Bahnmann, Mohammad Bahram, Johan Bengtsson-Palme, Anna Berlin, Sara Branco, Putarak Chomnunti, Asha Dissanayake, Rein Drenkhan, Hanna Friberg, Tobias Guldberg Frøslev, Bettina Halwachs, Martin Hartmann, Beatrice Henricot, Ruvishika Jayawardena, Ari Jumpponen, Håvard Kauserud, Sonja Koskela, Tomasz Kulik, Kare Liimatainen, Björn D. Lindahl, Daniel Lindner, Jian-Kui Liu, Sajeewa Maharachchikumbura, Dimuthu Manamgoda, Svante Martinsson, Maria Alice Neves, Tuula Niskanen, Stephan Nylinder, Olinto Liparini Pereira, Danilo Batista Pinho, Teresita M. Porter, Valentin Queloz, Taavi Riit, Marisol Sánchez-García, Filipe de Sousa, Emil Stefańczyk, Mariusz Tadych, Susumu Takamatsu, Qing Tian, Dhanushka Udayanga, Martin Unterseher, Zheng Wang, Saowanee Wikee, Jiye Yan, Ellen Larsson, Karl-Henrik Larsson, Urmas Kõljalg, Kessy AbarenkovKeywordsSourceFungal DiversityYear2014
- White-nose syndrome is a fungal disease that has decimated bat populations across eastern North America. Identification of the etiologic agent, Pseudogymnoascus destructans (formerly Geomyces destructans), in environmental samples is essential to proposed management plans. A major challenge is the presence of closely related species, which are ubiquitous in many soils and cave sediments and often present in high abundance. We present a dual-probe real-time quantitative PCR assay capable of detecting and differentiating P. destructans from closely related fungi in environmental samples from...AuthorsM. M. Shuey, K. P. Drees, Daniel Lindner, P. Keim, J. T. FosterKeywordsSourceApplied and Environmental MicrobiologyYear2014
- Use of wood biomass for energy results in carbon (C) emissions at the time of burning and alters C stocks on the land because of harvest, regrowth, and changes in land use or management. This study evaluates the potential effects of expanded woody biomass energy use (for heat and power) on net C emissions over time. A scenario with increased wood energy use is compared with a dynamic business-as-usual scenario where wood energy use is driven by its historical relationship with gross domestic product. At the national level, we projected that up to 78% of increased cumulative C emissions...AuthorsPrakash Nepal, David N. Wear, Kenneth E. SkogKeywordsSourceGCB BioenergyYear2014
- Relationships among cavity-nesting birds, trees, and wood decay fungi pose interesting management challenges and research questions in many systems. Ornithologists need to understand the relationships between cavity-nesting birds and fungi in order to understand the habitat requirements of these birds. Typically, researchers rely on fruiting body surveys to identify the fungal players in these relationships. Fruiting body surveys enable nondestructive sampling, but vastly underestimate fungal presence and diversity and may miss species of critical importance to cavity-nesting birds; thus...AuthorsMichelle A. Jusino, Daniel Lindner, John K. Cianchetti, Adam T. Grisé, Nicholas J. Brazee, Jeffrey R. WaltersKeywordsSourceActa OrnithologicaYear2014
- We report the first records of 6 Ascomycete truffle taxa in Turkey: Genea verrucosa Vittad., Genea klotzschii Berk. & Broome, Stephensia bombycina (Vittad.) Tul. & C.Tul., Terfezia olbiensis Tul. & C.Tul., Tuber excavatum Vittad., and Tuber rufum Pico. We also report new localities within Turkey for Picoa juniperi Vittad., Terfezia leptoderma Tul. & C.Tul., Choiromyces meandriformis Vittad., Tuber brumale Vittad., Tuber nitidum Vittad., and Tuber mesentericum Vittad.AuthorsAziz TÜRKOÐLU, Michael CastellanoKeywordsSourceTURKISH JOURNAL OF BOTANYYear2014