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- In the Western US, millions of acres of forestland have lost ecological integrity. These overstocked stands are at significant risk for disease and insect attack, and high risk for catastrophic wildfire. Finding alternative and higher value uses for material thinned from the forests can help pay for mechanical thinning. Three different types of connections for round wood members made of Douglas fir and Lodgepole pine were tested. Results showed that all three types of connections exceeded the anticipated design load. There were, however, significant differences between the ductility and...AuthorsThomas M. Gorman, David E. Kretschmann, Marshall Begel, Sara Fishwild, Richard Shilts, Timothy NelsonKeywordsSourceIn: WCTE, World Conference on timber Engineering, New Zealand, 15-19 July 2012 pp. 154-157; 2012.Year2012
- The efficient control of contaminants such as metals, plastics, inks and adhesives during the processing of recovered paper products determines the profitability of recycling mills. In fact, it is arguably the most important technical obstacle in expanding the use of recycled paper.1-4 An especially challenging category of contaminants to manage is pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA). PSAs are soft elastomer-based materials that are highly viscous and sticky to the touch. In recovered paper, they are usually found as part of pressure-sensitive (PS) label systems, consisting of facestock...AuthorsJihui Guo, Larry Gwin, Carl J. Houtman, Mark Kroll, Steven J. SevertsonSource2012-03-19, Adhesives Magazine; 2012. p. 9.Year2012
- Lodgepole wood chips were pretreated by sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocelluloses (SPORL) at 25% solids loading and 180 °C for 20 min with sulfuric acid and sodium bisulfite charges of 2.2 and 8 wt/wt% on an oven-dry wood basis, respectively. The pretreated wood chips were disk-milled with pretreatment spent liquor and water, and the solid fraction was separated from the liquor stream. The liquor was neutralized and concentrated through vacuum evaporation. Quasi-simultaneous enzymatic saccharification of the cellulosic solids and combined fermentation with the...AuthorsRoland L. Gleisner, Junyong Zhu, Bruce S. Dien, Ronald E. Hector, T.Q. LanKeywordsSourceBIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY, 127 (2013) pp. 291-297.Year2012
- THE WOOD PALLET AND CONTAINER INDUSTRY CONSUMES 4.5 billion board feet (BBF) of hardwoods and 1.8 BBF of softwoods for the annual production of 400-500 million solid wood pallets. While alternative materials such as plastic, corrugated paperboard and metal have entered the market, solid wood remains the material of choice for a majority of pallets on the market (more than 95 percent). Advantages of using solid wood for pallets are numerous. Solid wood pallets are stronger and more durable than alternative materials. They have superior rigidity for long-term storage applications, low...AuthorsCarol A. ClausenSourceIn: PalletCentral, October 2012 pp. 24-27; 2012Year2012
- When wood is vacuum impregnated with liquid vinyl monomers that do not swell wood, and then in situ polymerized either by chemical catalyst-heat, or gamma radiation, the polymer is located almost solely in the lumens of the wood. Figure 16.1 is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph of unmodified wood showing open cells that are susceptible to indentation and wear. In contrast, Figure 16.2 is a micrograph of wood after impregnation and polymerization showing the voids filled with polymer that will resist indentation and wear.AuthorsRebecca E. Ibach, Roger M. RowellSourceIn: Second edition of the Handbood of wood Chemistry and Wood Composites, Chapter 16, Roger Rowell, Editor, by CRC Books, 2013. pp. 599-625.Year2012
- Wood is best defined as a three-dimensional biopolymer composite composed of an interconnected network of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin with minor amounts of extractives, and inorganics. The major chemical component of a living tree is water, but on a dry weight basis, all wood cell walls consist mainly of sugar-based polymers (carbohydrates, 65-75%) that are combined with lignin (18-35%). Overall, dry wood has an elemental composition of about 50% carbon, 6% hydrogen, 44% oxygen, and trace amounts of inorganics. Simple chemical analysis can distinguish between hard-woods (angiosperm...AuthorsRoger M. Rowell, Roger Pettersen, Mandla A. TshabalalaSourceIn:Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites, 2nd Edition; Chapter 3. pp. 33-72. 2013.Year2012
- Agaricus bisporus is the model fungus for the adaptation, persistence,and growth in the humic-rich leaf-litter environment. Aside from its ecological role, A. bisporus has been an important component of the human diet for over 200 y and worldwide cultivation of the "button mushroom" forms a multibillion dollar industry. We present two A. bisporus genomes, their gene repertoires and transcript profiles on compost and during mushroom formation. The genomes encode a full repertoire of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes similar to that of wood-decayers. Comparative transcriptomics of mycelium...AuthorsEmmanuelle Morin, Annegret Kohler, Adam R. Baker, Marie Foulongne-Oriol, Vincent Lombard, Laszlo G. Nagy, Robin A. Ohm, Aleksandrina Patyshakuliyeva, Annick Brun, Andrea L. Aerts, Andrew M. Bailey, Christophe Billette, Pedro M. Coutinho, Greg Deakin, Harshavardhan Doddapaneni, Dimitrios Floudas, Jane Grimwood, Kristiina Hildén, Ursula Kües, Kurt M. LaButti, Alla Lapidus, Erika A. Lindquist, Susan M. Lucas, Claude Murat, Robert W. Riley, Asaf A. Salamov, Jeremy Schmutz, Venkataramanan Subrananian, Han A.B. Wösten, Jianping Xu, Daniel C. Eastwood, Gary D. Foster, Anton S.M. Sonnenberg, Daniel Cullen, Ronald P. de Vries, Taina Lundell, David S. Hibbett, Bernard Henrissat, Kerry S. Burton, Richard W. Kerrigan, Michael P. Challen, Igor V. Grigoriev, Francis MartinSourcePNAS, October 23, 2012, Volume 109, Number 43, 17501–17506, 2012.Year2012
- New approaches for wood protection based on green technologies have increased interest in using heartwood portions of certain wood species for the effects (toxic and antioxidant properties, chelate formation, hydrophobicity) of extractives located in heartwood. This study evaluated the biological performance of heartwood of Liquidambar orientalis Mill., trees well-known for production of balsam. Heartwood specimens were subjected to soil-block decay tests based on the American Wood Protection Association standard method using two brown-rot and two white-rot fungi. Specimens were also...AuthorsEvren Terzi, S. Nami Kartal, Claudia Marcela Ibáñez, Coþkun Köse, Rachel A. Arango, Carol A. Clausen, Frederick GreenKeywordsSourceBiodeterioration & Biodegradation , 75 (2012). pp. 104-108.Year2012
- The Federal Highway Administration is sponsoring a comprehensive research program on Historic Covered Timber Bridges in the USA. This national program's main purpose is to develop improved methods to preserve, rehabililate, and restore the timber bridge trusses that were developed during the early 1800s, and in many cases are still in service today. The overall goal of the National Historic Covered Bridge Preservation Program is to preserve thes iconic bridge structures for future generations. One of the many ongoing studies is aimed at establishing a procedure for safely and reliably...AuthorsTravis Hosteng, James Wacker, Brent PharesKeywordsSourceIn: WCTE Auckland new Zealand, 15-19 July 2012, World Conference on Timber Engineering; pp. 346-355, 2012.Year2012
- This paper establishes a chronological framework for selected pieces of Caribbean (Tafno/Lucayan) wooden sculpture, enabling previously ahistoric artefacts to fit back into the wider corpus of pre-colonial material culture. Seventy-two 14C AMS determinations from 56 artefacts held in museum collections are reported, including 32 ceremonial duhos, or seats. Far from being constrained to the last few centuries prior to contact, the dates for these objects extend back to ca. AD 250, and include the artistic legacies of various cultures. Duhos in both low and high back styles are present from...AuthorsJoanna Ostapkowicz, Christopher Bronk-Ramsey, Fiona Brock, Tom Higham, Alex C. Wiedenhoeft, Erika Ribechini, Jeannette J. Lucejko, Samuel WilsonSourceIn: Journal of Archaeological Science, pp. 3349-3362; 2012Year2012