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The three-dimensional motion of asymmetric rigid fibers settling under gravity in a quiescent fluid was experimentally measured using a pair of cameras located on a movable platform. The particle motion typically consisted of an initial transient after which the particle approached a steady rate of rotation about an axis parallel to the acceleration of gravity, with its center of mass following a helical trajectory. Numerical and analytical methods were used to predict translational and angular velocities as well as the evolution of the fiber orientation as a function of time. A comparison...

The USDA Forest Products Laboratory sponsored the 6th International Symposium: Moisture and Creep Effects on Paper, Board and Containers at the Monona Terrace Convention Center, Madison, WI, USA on 14-15 July 2009. Attendees heard 20 technical presentations; presenters were from seven different countries and three continents. Session topics included Corrugated Performance, Moisture Flow, Component Behavior, Industry Efforts, Other Materials, Moisture and Creep Response.

Inorganic fillers are inexpensive materials used to increase the density, smoothness and other properties of paper that are important for printing. In the current study, the adhesion of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs), a common type of adhesive used in labels and tapes, to papers containing varying amounts and types of fillers is investigated. Papers with three types of fillers, precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and kaolin clay, were investigated. The compositions of the papers were examined with SEM/EDX, while peel and double cantilever beam (DCB)...

This chapter provides estimates of forest biomass and wood waste quantities, as well as roadside costs (i.e., supply curves) for each county in the contiguous United States. Roadside price is the price a buyer pays for wood chips at a roadside in the forest, at a processing mill location in the case of mill residue, or at a landfill for urban wood wastes prior to any transport and preprocessing to the end-use location. Forest biomass and wood waste resources considered in this assessment include: Forest residues (logging residues and thinnings) from integrated forest operations from...

This study summarizes the environmental performance of prefinished engineered wood flooring using life-cycle inventory (LCI) analysis. Using primary mill data gathered from manufacturers in the eastern United States and applying the methods found in Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (CORRIM) Research Guidelines and International Organization of Standardization (ISO) standard for conducting life-cycle assessments, the environmental impacts in making engineered wood flooring were estimated. This study is a follow-up to the CORRIM Report Module G—Life-Cycle Inventory...

Global wood energy markets continue to grow, driven primarily by demand in the EU and its commitment to meet 20% of energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020. Large investments in industrial pellet-production capacity have been made under expectations of a continuously growing demand, mainly from the EU. Concern about how energy and climate-change policies may be affecting wood market dynamics and existing wood-using industries, has to led to calls in Europe for a detailed evaluation. Canada and the US remain the major suppliers of woody biomass feedstock, primarily pellets, to the...

Average annual incomes for forest management and protection includes salaries for full-time permanent employees of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, which have increased from a median of $41,300 in 1992 to $48,200 in 2000, to $50,500 in 2006 (all in 2005$). Salary of full-time permanent employees in state forestry agencies in 1998, for entry level foresters, ranged from $48,000 for the Pacific Coast, $39,000 in the North, $35,000 for the Rocky Mountains, and $28,000 for the South (all in 2005$). Trends in wages for the pulp and paper industry have been increasing at the...

For the forestry and logging, wood products, paper products, and wood furniture industries, in 2002, of a total $72.5 billion (2005$) in wages, profits and taxes, 80% went to wages, 18% to profits and 2% to taxes; 43% was provided by paper products industries, 35% by wood products industries, 17% by wood furniture industries and 5% by forestry and logging. Revenues to landowners from stumpage sales in 1997 were $22 billion (2005$) of which 5% went to National Forests, 6% went to other public lands, 33% went to industry land owners, and 56% went to other private landowners. Since 1997 much...

Paper and paperboard output rebounded along with overall industrial production in both Europe and the United States, but has not yet fully recovered to the peak levels of 2007-2008. Generally more robust market conditions prevailed from 2010 to early 2011, with higher consumption and prices for most pulp, paper and paperboard commodities. Prices reached a plateau by late 2010 and may have peaked in a cycle that began with rebound from the global financial crisis of 2008-2009; but prices still remained high in early 2011. The Russian Federation is seeing an almost complete recovery of pulp...

Solid wood timber products provide important raw materials to the construction, manufacturing, and shipping sectors of the U.S. economy. Nearly all new single-family houses and low-rise multifamily residential structures are wood framed and sheathed. Large amounts of solid wood timber products are also used in the construction of new nonresidential buildings, and in the upkeep and improvement of existing structures. Solid wood is used extensively in various manufactured products, and a large share of manufactured products is shipped on wooden pallets. In 2009, an estimated 3,903 million...