How policy can influence use of low-value forest biomass
Derek Pierson speaking to the attendees at the GMUG CharBoss demonstration.
Woody biomass, or forest biomass, encompasses all parts of the tree generated during forest management activities. Woody residues are the remainder of biomass left on-site after harvesting. Woody residues have many potential uses, including bioenergy and bioproducts. Bioproducts, such as biochar, can help to achieve a variety of forest management objectives such as restoring forest or soil health and timber stand improvement. Importantly, policies, regulations, and directives drive the utilization of various residues from management activities and largely dictate what constitutes biomass applicable for bioenergy and bioproducts.
This review paper summarizes state and federal policies and incentives that aim to increase the utilization of woody biomass from public lands while identifying existing barriers and plausible next steps. Implementation of alternative uses for woody residues will help the USDA Forest Service attain the goals of reducing wildfire risk and improving forest health. Within the policies discussed, there are four policy instruments that are noted to be the most effective in meeting the need for forest biomass utilization, from biochar to renewable energy. Several pieces of federal legislation have been identified that act as an over-arching umbrella to promote the increased use of bioenergy and woody biomass. Policies were also analyzed at the state level to determine their effectiveness in promoting forest biomass utilization and forest biomass for heat and electricity production. Limitations to increasing the use of woody residues usually burned in slash piles include handling of unmerchantable material, local biomass markets, definitions in policy, and technical constraints.
Slash piles and non-merchantable wood are important sources of bioenergy, bioproducts, and biofuels. Differing definitions of what constitutes woody biomass discourage new technological investments. Consistency in the language is key in the adoption and investment of technological advances tailored towards woody biomass utilization. Based on our review, the most effective policy instrument for overcoming sustainable feedstock demand and supply for energy production are financial incentives. Eight suggestions are provided for how the U.S. can increase the use of woody biomass are provided in this review including incentives for off-site transportation costs and increased education efforts.