Forests (Oaks) in North America
| Authors: | Susan J. Frankel, Jennifer Juzwik, David M. Rizzo |
| Year: | 2022 |
| Type: | Book Chapter |
| Station: | Pacific Southwest Research Station |
| Source: | Global Plant Health Assessment |
Abstract
In North America, oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae) are the most abundant and diverse woody plants and one of the most highly valued, important forest trees as measured by provision of ecosystem services and economic value. Oaks dominate ecosystems throughout much of North America from Pacific Coast evergreen forests, to Eastern temperate deciduous forests, and southwestern oak‐piñon‐juniper woodlands (Johnson et al 2019). Many oak species are majestic, overstory trees but others are shrubs or small trees, particularly in drier habitats (e.g., chaparral), and higher elevation forests. Oaks grow in well‐ developed soils but also thrive in serpentine soils, sandy barrens, and swamps (Nixon 2006).
Oaks provide numerous ecosystem services that support human well‐being: provisioning shelter, regulating the environment, and enhancing culture and aesthetics. Oaks are economically important as sources of high‐quality lumber (Burns and Honkala 1990). Ecologically, oaks provide forage, nesting and other habitat for birds, mammals, and fungi. They are foundational species that control wildlife populations and community dynamics, as well as modulate ecosystem processes (e.g., carbon balance and water supply) (Cavender‐Bares 2016; Ellison et al 2005).
Oaks were designated by the U.S. Congress as America’s national tree in 2004 and are a symbol of strength and longevity (International Oak Society 2001). The cultural and aesthetic values of oaks include stately shade trees along boulevards and in recreation areas and spectacular foliage color in fall. For indigenous peoples, acorns are an important food source and oak fibers are used in basketry, regalia, and structures (Anderson 2007).