Seeding forest trees

Abstract

Seeding is gaining popularity in global forestation for its scalability and cost-effectiveness, especially where nursery stock is limited. It enables rapid, large-scale forest establishment, even on remote or degraded sites, and allows control over species and genetic diversity. Seeding is cost-effective for inaccessible or low-productivity areas and is used in ecological restoration to boost biodiversity. Success depends on species, seed quality, timing, soil, and site management. It is best suited for areas where natural regeneration is infeasible, low-cost forestation is needed, sites are remote or difficult to access, or rapid resource control is required. Germination and establishment rates are generally low (average germination ~44%, establishment ~21%), with significant variability by species and site. Large-seeded, fast-germinating species perform better. Seed availability and quality are key challenges. Proper timing, storage, and site preparation are crucial, particularly for species with recalcitrant seeds. Methods include broadcast and direct placement, with drone seeding emerging for large projects. Higher seeding rates are needed for small seeds and broadcast methods. Climate change is increasing drought and heat stress, making moisture retention and microclimate management more important. Technological advances, like automation, seed treatments (coatings, biochar, mycorrhizal inoculation and encapsulation), and precision seeding, are improving outcomes. Combining seeding with planting can enhance diversity and success, but careful planning and ongoing management remain essential.

Citation

Stanturf, John; Gardiner, Emile S. 2025. Seeding forest trees. REFORESTA(21): 208-224. https://doi.org/10.21750/refor.21.12.142