Treesearch

On April 12, 1902, President Roosevelt issued a proclamation "for the purpose of consolidating into one reserve the lands heretofore embraced in the San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserves and of including therein the other adjacent lands within the description herein after given." The consolidated area is now known as the San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve.

To the Senate and House of Representatives: I transmit herewith a report of the Secretary of Agriculture, prepared in collaboration with the Department of the Interior, upon the forests, rivers, and mountains; of the Southern Appalachian region, and upon its agricultural situation as affected by them. The report of the Secretary presents the final results of an investigation authorized by the last Congress. Its conclusions point unmistakably, in the judgment of the Secretary and in my own, to the creation of a national forest reserve in certain parts of the Southern States. The facts...

An American wood. Description of the distribution, growth, habit, wood, and wood properties of the species. Includes bibliographical references.

Over five billion birds move each year across the Americas, flying great distances over almost every location and habitat on the continents (Weidensaul 1999). Over 350 of the over 800 bird species in the United States migrate each year to Latin America and the Caribbean (Degraaf and Rappole 1995). Some fly each way over 4000 miles, chasing the seasons across oceans and continents (Weidensaul 1999). In addition, migratory birds are very important to Americans. Over 75 million Americans participate in bird watching, photography, hunting, nature study, and feeding. These Americans support...

Highways cause significant impacts to birds in four ways: direct mortality, indirect mortality, habitat fragmentation, and disturbance. In this paper I discuss highway-related impacts, and suggest solutions from a highway management perspective. Non-flying birds (either behaviorally or structurally) such as gallinaceous birds and ducklings; waterbirds such as terns; owls; ground-nesters; scavengers; Neotropical overwater migrants; frugivorous birds; and birds attracted to salt are often killed from highway-related causes. Suggested solutions include highway crossing structures, diversion...

Copper-based biocides are widely used to protect wood from biological attack in a variety of environments. Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is the dominant copper-based preservative for wood protection (J. T. MICKLEWRIGHT, 1989). First developed in India in the 1930s, CCA contains a very effective combination of materials. Copper provides protection against most organisms, chromium aids in the fixation of copper and arsenic to the wood, and arsenic provides supplemental protection against those organisms that are copper tolerant (W. H. HARTFORD, 1973). CCA provides excellent protection in...

The Little Salmon Creek bridge was constructed in November 1988 on the Allegheny National Forest in Pennsylvania. The bridge is a simple span, single-lane, stress-laminated deck superstructure that is approximately 26-ft long and 16-ft wide. The bridge is unique in that it is the first known stress-laminated timber bridge to be constructed of hardwood lumber. The performance of the bridge was monitored continuously for approximately 4 years, beginning at the time of installation. Performance monitoring involved gathering and evaluating data relative to the moisture content of the wood...

Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and industry partners are cooperating in a study of the leaching and environmental effects of a wetland boardwalk. The construction project is considered bworst casec because the site has high rainfall and large volumes of treated wood were used. Separate boardwalk test sections were constructed using untreated wood or wood treated with ammoniacal copper quat Type B (ACQ1B), ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), chromated copper arsenate Type C (CCA1C), or copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CDDC). Part I of this report focuses on leaching of...

The Pueblo County 204B bridge was constructed in March 1990 in Pueblo, Colorado, as a demonstration bridge under the USDA Forest Service Timber Bridge Initiative. The stress-laminated deck superstructure is approximately 10 m long, 9 m wide, and 406 mm deep, with a skew of 10 degrees. Performance monitoring was conducted for 3 years, beginning at installation, and involved gathering data on the moisture content of the wood deck, the force level of the stressing bars, the behavior of the bridge under static load conditions, and the overall condition of the structure. In addition, long-term...

For maximum protection against wood decay and termites, use posts that have an in-depth preservative treatment, preferably a pressure treatment for below ground use. When selecting posts of naturally decay-resistant woods, choose posts with mostly heartwood. Horizontal rails require more protection from decay than do vertical boards. In regions of high and moderate decay hazard, build rails with naturally decay-resistant wood or with pressure-treated wood . Boards, pickets and other face parts should be of decay-resistant wood (either natural or treated) in areas where high decay is...