Charlie H. Luce, PhD

Research Hydrologist

Rocky Mountain Research Station

charles.luce@usda.gov

Publications & Products
Related
Education

Treesearch Publications

Seyd Teymoor Seydi, John T. Abatzoglou, Matthew W. Jones, Crystal A. Kolden, Gabriel Filippelli, Matthew D. Hurteau, Amir AghaKouchak, Charlie H. Luce, Chiyuan Miao, Mojtaba Sadegh. 2025. Increasing global human exposure to wildland fires despite declining burned area
Zachary Holden, Alan K. Swanson, Mojtaba Sadegh, Charlie H. Luce, Erin Noonan-Wright, Russell A. Parsons. 2025. Soil moisture is a stronger predictor of forest fire spread potential than weather in the U.S. Northern Rocky Mountains
Amanda D. Alvis, Charlie H. Luce, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, Friedrich Knuth, Lauren Wittkopf, David Shean, Gregory Stewart. 2025. Spatiotemporal evolution of forest road rutting and flow pathways examined using unoccupied aerial vehicles (UAVs)
Anne F. Van Loon, Sarra Kchouk, Alessia Matano, Faranak Tootoonchi, Camila Alvarez-Garreton, Khalid E. A. Hassaballah, Minchao Wu, Marthe L. K. Wens, Anastasiya Shyrokaya, Elena Ridolfi, Riccardo Biella, Viorica Nagavciuc, Marlies H. Barendrecht, Ana Bastos, Louise Cavalcante, Franciska T. de Vries, Margaret Garcia, Johanna Mard, Ileen N. Streefkerk, Claudia Teutschbein, Roshanak Tootoonchi, Ruben Weesie, Valentin Aich, Juan P. Boisier, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Yiheng Du, Mauricio Galleguillos, Rene Garreaud, Monica Ionita, Sina Khatami, Johanna K. L. Koehler, Charlie H. Luce, Shreedhar Maskey, Heidi D. Mendoza, Moses N. Mwangi, Ilias G. Pechlivanidis, Germano G. Ribeiro Neto, Tirthankar Roy, Robert Stefanski, Patricia Trambauer, Elizabeth A. Koebele, Giulia Vico, Micha Werner. 2024. Review article: Drought as a continuum - memory effects in interlinked hydrological, ecological, and social systems
A. Bertagnoli, Charlie H. Luce, R. van Kampen, U. Schneidewind, M. van Berkel, A. W. Tranmer, G. Vandersteen, S. Krause, D. Tonina. 2024. iFLOW: A framework and GUI to quantify effective thermal diffusivity and advection in permeable materials from temperature time series
Arvin Farid, Md Khorshed Alam, Venkata Siva Naga Sai Goli, Idil Deniz Akin, Taiwo Akinleye, Xiaohui Chen, Qing Cheng, Peter Cleall, Sabatino Cuomo, Vito Foresta, Shangqi Ge, Luca Iervolino, Pierrette Iradukunda, Charlie H. Luce. 2024. A review of the occurrence and causes for wildfires and their impacts on the geoenvironment
Amanda D. Alvis, Charlie H. Luce, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, Thomas Black, Julie Dieu, Jenelle Black. 2024. Using additional roughness to characterize erosion control treatment effectiveness in roadside ditch lines
Andrea Watts, Charlie H. Luce, Tom A. Black, Nathan Nelson. 2024. GRAIP-lite: Taking the easy street to road erosion estimates
Joy Drohan, Daniel J. Isaak, Charlie H. Luce, Michael K. Young, Dona Horan, David E. Nagel, Sherry P. Wollrab, Gwynne L. Chandler, Scott Barndt, Yvette Converse, Sean Finn, Scott Spaulding, Brian Staab. 2024. Some good news on climate change: High mountain streams act as strongholds for cold-water species
Amy East, Kouchak Agha, Graziella Caprarelli, Gabriel Filippelli, Fabio Florindo, Charlie H. Luce, Harihar Rajaram, Lynn Russell, Cristina Santin, Isaac Santos. 2023. Fire in the earth system: Introduction to the special collection
Amanda D. Alvis, Charlie H. Luce, Erkan Istanbulluoglu. 2023. How does traffic affect erosion of unpaved forest roads?
Jason Dunham, Christine Hirsch, Sean Gordon, Rebecca Flitcroft, Nathan Chelgren, Marcia Snyder, David Hockman-Wert, Gordon Reeves, Heidi Andersen, Scott Anderson, William Battaglin, Tom A. Black, Jason Brown, Shannon Claeson, Lauren Hay, Emily Heaston, Charlie H. Luce, Nathan Nelson, Colin Penn, Mark Raggon. 2023. Northwest Forest Plan—the first 25 years (1994–2018): watershed condition status and trends
Daniel J. Isaak, Charlie H. Luce. 2023. Elevation-dependent warming of streams in mountainous regions: implications for temperature modeling and headwater climate refugia
Tom A. Black, Charlie H. Luce, Nathan Nelson. 2021. Prioritizing road restoration for aquatic ecosystems using inventories and models
Martyn P. Clark, Charlie H. Luce, Amir AghaKouchak, Wouter Berghuijs, Cedric H. David, Qingyun Duan, Shemin Ge, Ilja van Meerveld, Chunmiao Zheng, Marc B. Parlange, Scott W. Tyler. 2021. Open science: Open data, open models, … and open publications?
Mohammad Reza Alizadeha, John T. Abatzoglou, Charlie H. Luce, Jan F. Adamowski, Arvin Farid, Mojtaba Sadegh. 2021. Warming enabled upslope advance in western US forest fires
Kevin S. McKelvey, William M. Block, Terrie B. Jain, Charlie H. Luce, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese, Bryce A. Richardson, Vicki A. Saab, Anna W. Schoettle, Carolyn H. Sieg, Daniel R. Williams. 2021. Adapting research, management, and governance to confront socioecological uncertainties in novel ecosystems
Mohammad Sadegh Khorshidi, Philip E. Dennison, Mohammad Reza Nikoo, Amir AghaKouchak, Charlie H. Luce, Mojtaba Sadegh. 2020. Increasing concurrence of wildfire drivers tripled megafire critical danger days in Southern California between 1982 and 2018
Helen M. Neville, Douglas R. Leasure, Daniel C. Dauwalter, Jason B. Dunham, Robin Bjork, Kurt A. Fesenmyer, Nathan D. Chelgren, Mary M. Peacock, Charlie H. Luce, Daniel J. Isaak, Lee Ann Carranza, Jon Sjoberg, Seth J. Wenger. 2020. Application of multiple-population viability analysis to evaluate species recovery alternatives
Shelley D. Crausbay, Julio Betancourt, John Bradford, Jennifer Cartwright, William C. Dennison, Jason Dunham, Carolyn A. F. Enquist, Abby G. Frazier, Kimberly R. Hall, Jeremy S. Littell, Charlie H. Luce, Richard Palmer, Aaron R. Ramirez, Imtiaz Rangwala, Laura Thompson, Brianne M. Walsh, Shawn Carter. 2020. Unfamiliar territory: Emerging themes for ecological drought research and management
Gabrielle Roesch-McNally, Michael Chang, Meghan Dalton, Scott Lowe, Charlie H. Luce, Christine May, Gary Morishima, Philip Mote, Alexander “Sascha” Petersen, Emily York. 2020. Beyond climate impacts: Knowledge gaps and process-based reflection on preparing a regional chapter for the Fourth National Climate Assessment
Daniel J. Isaak, Charlie H. Luce, Dona Horan, Gwynne L. Chandler, Sherry P. Wollrab, William B. Dubois, David E. Nagel. 2020. Thermal regimes of perennial rivers and streams in the western United States
Brian Cooke, Kristen A. Pelz, Christopher Witt, Katelyn P. Driscoll, Charlie H. Luce, David Anderson, Jamie Barbour, Renate Bush, Mary Friberg, Carolyn Perovich. 2020. Making sense of big data: Putting Forest Inventory and Analysis to work in forest planning
Mohammad M. Sohrabi, Daniele Tonina, Rohan Benjankar, Mukesh Kumar, Patrick Kormos, Danny Marks, Charlie H. Luce. 2019. On the role of spatial resolution on snow estimates using a process-based snow model across a range of climatology and elevation
James Vose, David L. Peterson, Charlie H. Luce. 2019. Managing Effects of Drought: Key Messages and Conclusions
James Vose, David L. Peterson, Charlie H. Luce, Toral Patel-Weynand. 2019. Executive Summary
Charlie H. Luce, James Vose, David L. Peterson, Toral Patel-Weynand. 2019. Managing Effects of Drought: Introduction and Definition of Key Terms and Concepts
James Vose, David L. Peterson, Charlie H. Luce, Toral Patel-Weynand. 2019. Effects of drought on forests and rangelands in the United States: translating science into management responses
Charlie H. Luce, Zachary Holden, W. Matt Jolly. 2018. Consequences of an endless summer: Untangling the link between summer precipitation and western wildfires
Charlie H. Luce, Daniel J. Isaak. 2018. Fishing for climate data: How recent research is helping to forecast changes in salmon and trout habitat
Daniel J. Isaak, Charlie H. Luce, Gwynne L. Chandler, Dona Horan, Sherry P. Wollrab. 2018. Principal components of thermal regimes in mountain river networks
Douglas R. Leasure, Seth J. Wenger, Nathan D. Chelgren, Helen M. Neville, Daniel C. Dauwalter, Robin Bjork, Kurt A. Fesenmyer, Jason B. Dunham, Mary M. Peacock, Charlie H. Luce, Abby C. Lute, Daniel J. Isaak. 2018. Hierarchical multi-population viability analysis
Zachary A. Holden, Alan Swanson, Charlie H. Luce, W. Matt Jolly, Marco Maneta, Jared W. Oyler, Dyer A. Warren, Russell A. Parsons, David Affleck. 2018. Decreasing fire season precipitation increased recent western US forest wildfire activity
Brooke Penaluna, Gordon Reeves, Zanethia C. Barnett, Pete Bisson, John M. Buffington, Andy Dolloff, Rebecca Flitcroft, Charlie H. Luce, Keith Nislow, John Rothlisberger, Mel Warren. 2018. Using natural disturbance and portfolio concepts to guide aquatic-riparian ecosystem management
Mark J. Muir, Charlie H. Luce, Joseph T. Gurrieri, Marek Matyjasik, Jeffrey L. Bruggink, Stacey L. Weems, James C. Hurja, David B. Marr, Sarah D. Leahy. 2018. Effects of climate change on hydrology, water resources, and soil [Chapter 4]
Daniel J. Isaak, Charlie H. Luce, Dona Horan, Gwynne L. Chandler, Sherry P. Wollrab, David E. Nagel. 2018. Global warming of salmon and trout rivers in the northwestern U.S.: Road to ruin or path through purgatory?
Charlie H. Luce. 2018. Effects of climate change on snowpack, glaciers, and water resources in the Northern Rockies Region [Chapter 4]
A. C. Lute, Charlie H. Luce. 2017. Are model transferability and complexity antithetical? Insights from validation of a variable-complexity empirical snow model in space and time
Daniel J. Isaak, Seth J. Wenger, Erin E. Peterson, Jay M. Ver Hoef, David E. Nagel, Charlie H. Luce, Steven W. Hostetler, Jason B. Dunham, Brett B. Roper, Sherry P. Wollrab, Gwynne L. Chandler, Dona Horan, Sharon L. Payne. 2017. The NorWeST summer stream temperature model and scenarios for the western U.S.: A crowd-sourced database and new geospatial tools foster a user community and predict broad climate warming of rivers and streams
Caty F. Clifton, Kate T. Day, Gordon Grant, Jessica E. Halofsky, Charlie H. Luce, Brian P. Staab. 2017. Climate change, water resources, and roads in the Blue Mountains [Chapter 4]
Caty F. Clifton, Kate T. Day, Kathie Dello, Gordon Grant, Jessica E. Halofsky, Daniel J. Isaak, Charlie H. Luce, Mohammad Safeeq, Brian P. Staab, John Stevenson. 2017. Climate change and hydrology in the Blue Mountains [Chapter 3]
James Vose, Chelcy F. Miniat, Charlie H. Luce. 2016. Ecohydrological implications of drought
Patrick Kormos, Charlie H. Luce, Seth J. Wenger, Wouter R. Berghuijs. 2016. Trends and sensitivities of low streamflow extremes to discharge timing and magnitude in Pacific Northwest mountain streams
Neil Pederson, John Campbell, Connie I. Millar, Patrick Kormos, James Vose, Ross Woods, Charlie H. Luce. 2016. Characterizing drought for forested landscapes and streams
Charlie H. Luce, James Vose, Neil Pederson, John Campbell, Connie I. Millar, Patrick Kormos, Ross Woods. 2016. Contributing factors for drought in United States forest ecosystems under projected future climates and their uncertainty
Jeremy S. Littell, David L. Peterson, Karin Riley, Yongqiang Liu, Charlie H. Luce. 2016. A review of the relationships between drought and forest fire in the United States
Daniel J. Isaak, Michael K. Young, Charlie H. Luce, Steven W. Hostetler, Seth J. Wenger, Erin E. Peterson, Jay M. Ver Hoef, Matthew C. Groce, Dona Horan, David E. Nagel. 2016. Slow climate velocities of mountain streams portend their role as refugia for cold-water biodiversity
Brian Cooke, Charlie H. Luce, Tom A. Black, David Tarboton. 2016. Road scholars for the western states: Protecting natural areas by improving road management research
James Vose, J.S. Clark, Charlie H. Luce, Toral Patel-Weynand. 2016. Effects of drought on forests and rangelands in the United States: a comprehensive science synthesis
Charlie H. Luce, Viviana Lopez-Burgos, Zachary Holden. 2014. Sensitivity of snowpack storage to precipitation and temperature using spatial and temporal analog models
Sarah J. Hines, Daniel J. Isaak, Charlie H. Luce, Michael K. Young. 2014. Climate change, crowd-sourcing, and conserving aquatic biotas in the Rocky Mountains this century
Charlie H. Luce, Brian Staab, Marc Kramer, Seth Wenger, Daniel J. Isaak, Callie McConnell. 2014. Sensitivity of summer stream temperatures to climate variability in the Pacific Northwest
Michael G. Ryan, James Vose, Paul J. Hanson, Louis Iverson, Chelcy F. Miniat, Charlie H. Luce, Lawrence E. Band, Steven L. Klein, Donald McKenzie, David N. Wear. 2014. Forest processes [Chapter 3]
Megan S. Matonis, Charlie H. Luce, Zack Holden, Penny Morgan, Emily K. Heyerdahl. 2013. Our forests in the [water] balance
Charlie H. Luce, J. T. Abatzoglou, Z. A. Holden. 2013. The missing mountain water: Slower westerlies decrease orographic enhancement in the Pacific Northwest USA
Oscar Maturana, Daniele Tonina, Jim A. McKean, John M. Buffington, Charlie H. Luce, Diego Caamano. 2013. Modeling the effects of pulsed versus chronic sand inputs on salmonid spawning habitat in a low-gradient gravel-bed river
Seth J. Wenger, Nicholas A. Som, Daniel C. Dauwalter, Daniel J. Isaak, Helen M. Neville, Charlie H. Luce, Jason B. Dunham, Michael K. Young, Kurt D. Fausch, Bruce E. Rieman. 2013. Probabilistic accounting of uncertainty in forecasts of species distributions under climate change
Frank P. Gariglio, Daniele Tonina, Charlie H. Luce. 2013. Spatio-temporal variability of hyporheic exchange through a pool-riffle-pool sequence
Tom A. Black, Charlie H. Luce. 2013. Measuring water and sediment discharge from a road plot with a settling basin and tipping bucket
Jaime Goode, John M. Buffington, Daniele Tonina, Daniel J. Isaak, Russ F. Thurow, Seth Wenger, David E. Nagel, Charlie H. Luce, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Chris Soulsby. 2013. Potential effects of climate change on streambed scour and risks to salmonid survival in snow-dominated mountain basins
Charlie H. Luce, Daniele Tonina, Frank Gariglio, Ralph Applebee. 2013. Solutions for the diurnally forced advection-diffusion equation to estimate bulk fluid velocity and diffusivity in streambeds from temperature time series
David Eiriksson, Michael Whitson, Charlie H. Luce, Hans Peter Marshall, John Bradford, Shawn G. Benner, Tom A. Black, Hank Hetrick, James P. McNamara. 2013. An evaluation of the hydrologic relevance of lateral flow in snow at hillslope and catchment scales
James Vose, Chelcy R. Ford, Stephanie H. Laseter, Salli Dymond, Ge Sun, Mary Beth Adams, Stephen D. Sebestyen, John Campbell, Charlie H. Luce, Devendra M. Amatya, Kelly J. Elder, Tamara Heartsill Scalley. 2012. Can forest watershed management mitigate climate change impacts on water resources?
Michael G. Ryan, James Vose, Matthew Ayers, Lawrence Band, Chelcy F. Miniat, Paul Hanson, Jeffrey Hick, Louis Iverson, Becky K. Kerns, Steven Klein, Jeremy Littell, Charlie H. Luce, Don McKenzie, David Wear, Aaron Weed. 2012. Effects of climatic variability and change
Charlie H. Luce, Penny Morgan, Kathleen A. Dwire, Daniel J. Isaak, Zachary Holden, Bruce Rieman. 2012. Climate change, forests, fire, water, and fish: Building resilient landscapes, streams, and managers
James Vose, Chelcy F. Miniat, Stephanie H. Laseter, Salli Dymond, Ge Sun, Mary Beth Adams, Stephen D. Sebestyen, John Campbell, Charlie H. Luce, Devendra M. Amatya, Kelly J. Elder, Tamara Heartsill Scalley. 2012. Can forest watershed management mitigate climate change effects on water resources
Tom A. Black, Richard M. Cissel, Charlie H. Luce. 2012. The Geomorphic Road Analysis and Inventory Package (GRAIP) Volume 1: Data Collection Method
Richard M. Cissel, Tom A. Black, Kimberly A. T. Schreuders, Ajay Prasad, Charlie H. Luce, David G. Tarboton, Nathan Nelson. 2012. The Geomorphic Road Analysis and Inventory Package (GRAIP) Volume 2: Office Procedures
Jaime R. Goode, Charlie H. Luce, John M. Buffington. 2012. Enhanced sediment delivery in a changing climate in semi-arid mountain basins: Implications for water resource management and aquatic habitat in the northern Rocky Mountains
Markus Weiler, V. Cody Hale, Alistair M. S. Smith, Travis E. Huxman, Henry D. Adams, Charlie H. Luce, David D. Breshears, Craig D. Allen. 2012. Ecohydrological consequences of drought- and infestation-triggered tree die-off: Insights and hypotheses
Zachary A. Holden, Charlie H. Luce, Michael A. Crimmins, Penelope Morgan. 2011. Wildfire extent and severity correlated with annual streamflow distribution and timing in the Pacific Northwest, USA (1984-2005)
Greg Dillon, Zachery A. Holden, Penelope Morgan, Michael A. Crimmins, Emily K. Heyerdahl, Charlie H. Luce. 2011. Both topography and climate affected forest and woodland burn severity in two regions of the western US, 1984 to 2006
Seth J. Wenger, Daniel J. Isaak, Jason B. Dunham, Kurt D. Fausch, Charlie H. Luce, Helen M. Neville, Bruce E. Rieman, Michael K. Young, David E. Nagel, Dona Horan, Gwynne L. Chandler. 2011. Role of climate and invasive species in structuring trout distributions in the interior Columbia River Basin, USA
Seth J. Wenger, Daniel J. Isaak, Charlie H. Luce, Helen M. Neville, Kurt D. Fausch, Jason B. Dunham, Daniel C. Dauwalter, Michael K. Young, Marketa M. Elsner, Bruce E. Rieman, Alan F. Hamlet, Jack E. Williams. 2011. Flow regime, temperature, and biotic interactions drive differential declines of trout species under climate change [includes Supporting Information]
John T. Abatzoglou, Zachary A. Holden, Charlie H. Luce, L. Scott Baggett. 2011. Empirical downscaling of daily minimum air temperature at very fine resolutions in complex terrain
Joel W. Homan, Charlie H. Luce, James P. McNamara, Nancy F. Glenn. 2011. Improvement of distributed snowmelt energy balance modeling with MODIS-based NDSI-derived fractional snow-covered area data
Seth J. Wenger, Charlie H. Luce, Alan F. Hamlet, Daniel J. Isaak, Helen M. Neville. 2010. Macroscale hydrologic modeling of ecologically relevant flow metrics
Daniel J. Isaak, Charlie H. Luce, Bruce E. Rieman, David E. Nagel, Erin E. Peterson, Dona Horan, Sharon L. Payne, Gwynne L. Chandler. 2010. Effects of climate change and wildfire on stream temperatures and salmonid thermal habitat in a mountain river network
Bruce E. Rieman, Paul F. Hessburg, Charlie H. Luce, Matthew Dare. 2010. Wildfire and management of forests and native fishes: Conflict or opportunity for convergent solutions?
Charlie H. Luce, D. G. Tarboton. 2010. Evaluation of alternative formulae for calculation of surface temperature in snowmelt models using frequency analysis of temperature observations
Charlie H. Luce, Bruce E. Rieman. 2010. Landscape scale effects of fuel management or fire on water resources: The future of cumulative effects analysis?
Charles A. Troendle, Lee H. MacDonald, Charlie H. Luce, I. J. Larsen. 2010. Fuel management and water yield
Charlie H. Luce, Z. A. Holden. 2009. Declining annual streamflow distributions in the Pacific Northwest United States, 1948-2006
Daniele Tonina, Charlie H. Luce, Bruce Rieman, John M. Buffington, Peter Goodwin, Stephen R. Clayton, Shawkat Md. Ali, Jeffrey J. Barry, Charles Berenbrock. 2008. Hydrological response to timber harvest in northern Idaho: Implications for channel scour and persistence of salmonids
Jason B. Dunham, Amanda E. Rosenberger, Charlie H. Luce, Bruce E. Rieman. 2007. Influences of wildfire and channel reorganization on spatial and temporal variation in stream temperature and the distribution of fish and amphibians
Bruce E. Rieman, Daniel J. Isaak, Susan B. Adams, Dona Horan, David E. Nagel, Charlie H. Luce, Deborah Myers. 2007. Anticipated climate warming effects on bull trout habitats and populations across the interior Columbia River basin
Ajay Prasad, David G. Tarboton, Charlie H. Luce, Tom A. Black. 2005. A GIS tool to analyze forest road sediment production and stream impacts
Charlie H. Luce, Tom A. Black. 2001. Spatial and temporal patterns in erosion from forest roads
Charlie H. Luce, Tom A. Black. 2001. Effects of traffic and ditch maintenance on forest road sediment production
Thomas Black, Charlie H. Luce. 1999. Changes in erosion from gravel surfaced forest roads through time
William J. Elliot, Randy B. Foltz, Charlie H. Luce. 1999. Modeling low-volume road erosion
Laurie M. Tysdal, William J. Elliot, Charlie H. Luce, Thomas A. Black. 1999. Modeling erosion from insloping low-volume roads with WEPP watershed model
Charlie H. Luce, Thomas A. Black. 1999. Sediment production from forest roads in western Oregon
Charlie H. Luce. 1997. Effectiveness of road ripping in restoring infiltration capacity of forest roads
William J. Elliot, R. B. Foltz, Charlie H. Luce, T. E. Koler. 1996. Computer-aided risk analysis in road decommissioning
William J. Elliot, R. B. Foltz, Charlie H. Luce. 1995. Validation of Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model for low-volume forest roads
Charlie H. Luce, Terrance W. Cundy. 1994. Parameter identification for a runoff model for forest roads
Charlie H. Luce, Terrance W. Cundy. 1992. Modification of the kinematic wave-Philip infiltration overland flow model

Citations of Non-Forest Service Publications

Chandler, G.L.; Wollrab, S.P.; Horan, D. L.; Nagel, D. E.; Parkes, S.L.; Isaak, D.J.; Wenger, S.J.; Peterson, E.E.; Ver Hoef, J.M.; Hostetler, S.W.; Luce, C.H.; Dunham, J.B.; Kershner, J.L.; Roper, B.B. 2016. NorWeST stream temperature data summaries for the western U.S. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2016-0032.
Isaak, D.J.; Wenger, S.J.; Peterson, E.E.; Ver Hoef, J.M.; Hostetler, S.W.; Luce, C.H.; Dunham, J.B.; Kershner, J.L.; Roper, B.B.; Nagel, D.E.; Chandler, G.L.; Wollrab, S.P.; Parkes, S.L.; Horan, D.L. 2016. NorWeST modeled summer stream temperature scenarios for the western U.S. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2016-0033.