Treesearch

By establishing long–term monitoring plots, it is possible to record environmental and biological conditions of the plot and individual trees, evaluate the condition of crowns of trees in the plot, and determine the extent of ozone injury to western conifers. This chapter recommends various methods for recording data and selecting plots, and provides information for improved efficiency and safety of field work in studies on ozone injury to ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi).

This section outlines the procedures for data management and analysis developed by the data archiving group located at the USDA Forest Service’s Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, California. The field data were gathered annually at approximately 33 FOREST plot locations from 1991 to 1994.

The sampling methods used to monitor ozone injury to ponderosa and Jeffrey pines depend on the objectives of the study, geographic and genetic composition of the forest, and the source and composition of air pollutant emissions. By using a standardized sampling methodology, it may be possible to compare conditions within local areas more accurately, and to apply the results to larger geographical contexts, such as pine populations within and among watershed areas. We present recommendations in this chapter to develop plot design and sampling strategies that follow established principles of...

Since the 1970?s, researchers from the USDA Forest Service and USDI National Park Service have conducted field surveys to measure the presence or absence, amount, and changes of ozone-caused injury to ponderosa and Jeffrey pines (Pronos and others 1978, Pronos and Vogler 1981, Stolte and others 1992). However, differences in measurement protocols among studies and the lack of site-specific ozone concentration data have limited the extent that data can be used to project long-term or regional-scale trends. Although the effects of ozone on ponderosa and Jeffrey pines are still an important...

The minimum requirement for long–term monitoring of air pollution effects on forest stands is to develop methods for observers to locate, evaluate, and re–evaluate individual trees at intervals of one or more years. Studies of this nature have used permanent quadrats or "plots" in which individual plants are tagged or mapped. Multiple levels of information can be gathered from this approach depending on how the plots are structured, how many plots are established in a given area, the size and shape of plots, and how the plots are located. The appropriate level of complexity depends on the...

Abstract - Jacoby Creek (bed width =12 m; bankfull discharge = 32.6 m 3 /s) contains stationary gravel bars that have forms and positions controlled by numerous large streamside obstructions (bedrock outcrops, large woody debris, and rooted bank projections) and bedrock bends. Bank-projection width and bar volume measured in 104 channel segments 1 bed-width long are significantly cross-correlated at lags of -1, 3, and 4, indicating the tendency for large obstructions and bends to form bars 3 to 4 bed-widths downstream and 1 bed-width upstream. All of the 18 bars downstream of large...

Impacts of livestock grazing on California golden trout Oncorhynchus rnykiss aguabonita and their habitat were studied inside and outside of livestock exclosures in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California. In two consecutive years, the majority of stream physical characteristics showed large differences between grazed and ungrazed areas, and the directions of these differences were consistent with the recovery of exclosed streams and riparian areas from impacts caused by livestock grazing. Ungrazed areas consistently had greater canopy shading, streamdepths, and bank-full heights and...

The effectiveness of registered application rates of the insecticide metasystox-R applied with Mauget tree injectors (INJECT-A-CIDE) was assessed in two strategies: (1) treatment of trees before western pine beetle attack (preventive treatment), and (2) treatment of trees after attack by western pine beetle (remedial treatment) for protection of individual, high-value ponderosa pine. This field test was conducted on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada on the Eldorado National Forest in central California by using three treatments: metasystox-R injected about 14 days before the onset of...

Abstract - Our past concern with details gave us the type of information we needed to manage blocks of redwoods to produce the values we decided were important. But the values that have more recently been recognized as important--species viability, genetic diversity, and so on--cannot be managed on the scale of forest patches, and we must come to understand how biological, sociological, and physical processes interact to create the redwood ecoscape. These issues force us to look at the redwood ecoscape as a whole, and even the precepts of the problems are new. First, things change. The...