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- The ability to isolate and purify pathogens is important for the study of infectious disease. A protocol for isolating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a lethal pathogen of amphibians, has been available for over a decade, but the method relies on sacrificing infected animals. We validated a non-lethal protocol for Bd isolation that uses biopsy punches from toe webbing to collect skin samples from live amphibians in remote field locations. We successfully isolated Bd from the Cascades frog Rana cascadae and found a positive association between Bd infection and probability of Bd growth...AuthorsKJ Cook, J Voyles, HV Kenny, Karen L. Pope, J. Piovia-ScottKeywordsSourceDiseases of Aquatic Organisms. 129(2): 159-164Year2018
- The ongoing emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is triggering changes in many climate hazards that can impact humanity. We found traceable evidence for 467 pathways by which human health, water, food, economy, infrastructure and security have been recently impacted by climate hazards such as warming, heatwaves, precipitation, drought, floods, fires, storms, sea-level rise and changes in natural land cover and ocean chemistry. By 2100, the world’s population will be exposed concurrently to the equivalent of the largest magnitude in one of these hazards if emmisions are aggressively reduced,...AuthorsCamilo Mora, Daniele Spirandelli, Erik C. Franklin, John Lynham, Michael B. Kantar, Wendy Miles, Charlotte Z. Smith, Kelle Freel, Jade Moy, Leo V Louis, Evan W. Barba, Keith Bettinger, Abby G. Frazier, John F. Colburn IX, Naota Hanasaki, Ed Hawkins, Yukiko Hirabayashi, Wolfgang Knorr, Christopher M. Little, Kerry Emanuel, Justin Sheffield, Jonathan A. Patz, Cynthia L. HunterKeywordsSourceNature Climate Change. 8(12): 1062-1071Year2018
- Rainfall thresholds for streamflow generation are commonly mentioned in the literature, but studies rarely include methods for quantifying and comparing thresholds. This paper quantifies thresholds in ephemeral streams and evaluates how they are affected by rainfall and watershed properties. The study sites are in southern Arizona, USA; one is hyperarid and the other is semiarid. At both sites rainfall and streamflow were monitored in watersheds ranging from 10−3 to 102km2. Streams flowed an average of 0–5 times per year in hyperarid watersheds and 3–11 times per year in semiarid watersheds...AuthorsStephanie K. Kampf, Joshua Faulconer, Jeremy R. Shaw, Michael Lefsky, Joseph Wagenbrenner, David J. CooperKeywordsSourceWater Resources Research. 54: 9935-9950Year2018
- This plant profile for Eriogonum fasciculatum provides information on species distribution; taxonomic relationships; ecological and evolutionary considerations for restoration; growth form and distinguishing traits; habitat characteristics; projected future suitable habitat; growth, reproduction and dispersal; biological interactions; ecological genetics; seed characteristics, germination requirements and processing; and plant uses including agriculture, restoration, and traditional products, plus an extensive bibliography. It is part of Riverside-Corona Resource Conservation District's...AuthorsA.M. Montalvo, E.C. Riordan, Jan L. BeyersKeywordsSourceNative Plant Recommendations for Southern California EcoregionsYear2018
- Birds found outside their typical range, or vagrants, have fascinated naturalists for decades. Despite broad interest in vagrancy, few attempts have been made to statistically examine the explanatory variables potentially responsible for the phenomenon. In this study, we used multiple linear regression to model the occurrence of 28 rare warbler species (family Parulidae) in autumn in northern California and southern Oregon as a function of migration distance, continental population size, distance, and bearing to both closest breeding population and breeding population center. In addition...AuthorsC. John Ralph, Jared WolfeKeywordsSourcePeerJ. 6(4): e5881Year2018
- Worldwide, native species increasingly contend with the interacting stressors of habitat fragmentation and invasive species, yet their combined effects have rarely been examined. Direct negative effects of invasive omnivores are well documented, but the indirect effects of resource competition or those caused by predator avoidance are unknown. Here we isolated and examined the independent and interactive effects of invasive omnivorous Black rats (Rattus rattus) and forest fragment size on the interactions between avian predators and their arthropod prey. Our study examines whether invasive...AuthorsErin E. Wilson Rankin, Jessie L. Knowlton, Daniel S. Gruner, David J. Flaspohler, Christian P. Giardina, Devin Leopold, Anna Buckardt, William C. Pitt, Tadashi FukamiKeywordsSourcePLOS ONE. 13(9): e0202869Year2018
- Background This data paper provides a description of OpenNahele, the open Hawaiian forest plot database. OpenNahele includes 530 forest plots across the Hawaiian archipelago containing 43,590 individuals of 185 native and alien tree, shrub and tree fern species across six islands. We include estimates of maximum plant size (D950.1 and Dmax3) for 58 woody plant species, a key functional trait associated with dispersal distance and competition for light. OpenNahele can serve as a platform to test key ecological, evolutionary and conservation questions in a hotspot archipelago. New information...AuthorsDylan Craven, Tiffany Knight, Kasey Barton, Lalasia Bialic-Murphy, Susan Cordell, Christian P. Giardina, Thomas Gillespie, Rebecca Ostertag, Lawren Sack, Jonathan ChaseKeywordsSourceBiodiversity Data Journal. 6: 0186Year2018
- Survival rates of large trees determine forest biomass dynamics. Survival rates of small trees have been linked to mechanisms that maintain biodiversity across tropical forests. How species survival rates change with size offers insight into the links between biodiversity and ecosystem function across tropical forests. We tested patterns of size-dependent tree survival across the tropics using data from 1,781 species and over 2 million individuals to assess whether tropical forests can be characterized by size-dependent life-history survival strategies. We found that species were classifiab...AuthorsDaniel J. Johnson, Jessica Needham, Chonggang Xu, Elias C. Massoud, Stuart J. Davies, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, Jeffery Q. Chambers, Chia-Hao Chang-Yang, Jyh-Min Chiang, George B. Chuyong, Richard Condit, Susan Cordell, Christine Fletcher, Christian P. Giardina, Thomas W. Giambelluca, Nimal Gunatilleke, Savitri Gunatilleke, Chang-Fu Hsieh, Stephen Hubbell, Faith Inman-Narahari, Abdul Rahman Kassim, Masatoshi Katabuchi, David Kenfack, Creighton M. Litton, Shawn Lum, Mohizah Mohamad, Musalmah Nasardin, Perry S. Ong, Rebecca Ostertag, Lawren Sack, Nathan G. Swenson, I Fang Sun, Sylvester Tan, Duncan W. Thomas, Jill Thompson, Maria Natalia Umaña, Maria Uriarte, Renato Valencia, Sandra Yap, Jess Zimmerman, Nate G. McDowell, Sean M. McMahonSourceNature Ecology & EvolutionYear2018
- The application of functional traits to predict and explain plant species’ distributions and vital rates has been a major direction in functional ecology for decades, yet numerous physiological traits have not yet been incorporated into the approach. Using commonly measured traits such as leaf mass per area (LMA) and wood density (WD), and additional traits related to water transport, gas exchange and resource economics, including leaf vein, stomatal and wilting traits, we tested hypotheses for Hawaiian wet montane and lowland dry forests (MWF and LDF, respectively): (1) Forests would...AuthorsCamila D. Medeiros, Christine Scoffoni, Grace P. John, Megan K. Bartlett, Faith Inman-Narahari, Rebecca Ostertag, Susan Cordell, Christian P. Giardina, Lawren SackSourceFunctional Ecology. 33(4): 712-734Year2018
- Current operational fire spread models are mostly based on experimental results from dead, low moisture fuel beds and thus do not perform well when modeling fire behavior in live shrubs. Although computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models predict more reliable combustion behavior, they have a high computational cost, large grid sizes for landscape-scale simulations, and oversimplified combustion within a shrub. There is a need for intermediate-scale shrub combustion models that describe better solid fuel combustion properties and shrub architecture, which may serve as sub-grid models for...AuthorsChen Shen, Thomas H. Fletcher, David R. WeiseKeywordsSourceAdvances in Forest Fire Research 2018. Coimbra, Portugal: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra: 637-642Year2018