Treesearch

We used bivariate scaling and logistic regression to investigate multiple-scale habitat selection by American marten (Martes americana). Bivariate scaling reveals dramatic differences in the apparent nature and strength of relationships between marten occupancy and a number of habitat variables across a range of spatial scales. These differences include reversals in the direction of an observed association from positive to negative and frequent dramatic changes in the apparent importance of a habitat variable as a predictor of marten occurrence. Logistic regression on the optimally scaled...

Population connectivity is a function of the dispersal ability of the species, influences of different landscape elements on its movement behavior, density and distribution of the population, and structure of the landscape. Often, researchers have not carefully considered each of these factors when evaluating connectivity and making conservation recommendations. We present a general method for efficient evaluation of functional connectivity for large numbers of native species across vast geographical areas. Connectivity was evaluated for 36 groups of species with different ecological...

In North America, prehistoric pottery is primarily earthenware (a porous ceramic, fired at a relatively low temperature). It is not glass-like or dense like other kinds of pottery such as stoneware and porcelain (see chapter 6).

Lithic artifacts can be divided into two broad classes, flaked stone and ground stone, that overlap depending on the defining criteria. For this discussion, flaked stone is used to describe objects that cut, scrape, pierce, saw, hack, etch, drill, or perforate, and the debris (debitage) created when these items are manufactured. Objects made of flaked stone include projectile points, knives, drills, scrapers, planes, burins, gravers, spokeshaves, choppers, saws, cores, flakes, fish hooks, hoes, and hand axes, among others. These were commonly made from chert, flint, chalcedony, petrified...

Throughout human global history, people have purposely altered natural rock surfaces by drilling, drawing, painting, incising, pecking, abrading and chiseling images into stone. Some rock types that present suitable media surfaces for these activities are fine-grained sandstones and granites, basalts, volcanic tuff, dolomites, and limestones. Commonly called rock "art," depiction of patterns, images, inscriptions, or graphic representations might be considered today as 'artistic' as is Old World Paleolithic “cave art” for example, but most of those early originators attached different...

In a literal sense "historical artifacts" and "historical sites" are all artifacts and sites dating after the introduction of written history in any region. For example, in New Mexico, these would be sites dating after AD 1540, the year of the first Spanish entrada into what would later become the State of New Mexico. In many instances, historical sites can also include those sites created by American Indians who possessed at least some Euro-American objects, and/or whose methods of construction were influenced to some degree by Euro-Americans. The National Historic Preservation Act...

In this chapter, we concentrate on the effects of fire on subsurface archaeological deposits: the matrix containing post-depositional fill, artifacts, ecofactual data, dating samples, and other cultural and noncultural materials. In order to provide a context for understanding these data, this paper provides a summary of previous research about the potential effects of fire on subsurface cultural materials.

Long before the Secretaries of the Departments of Agriculture and Interior signed the Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy in 1995, most land and resource professionals in the United States had recognized unprecedented fuel accumulations in western forests as management priorities. The Policy, its 2001 revision, the 2003 Healthy Forests Restoration Act, and the sequence of costly fire seasons that spurred these developments made it clear that fuels reduction would remain the driving issue in forest management in the United States for the foreseeable future (Franklin and Agee 2003). The...

Previous chapters in this synthesis have identified the important fuel, weather, and fire relationships associated with damage to cultural resources (CR). They have also identified the types of effects commonly encountered in various fire situations and provided some guidance on how to recognize damages and minimize their occurrence. This chapter describes planning processes and actions that can be used to manage the effects on cultural resources in different fire and fire management situations.

The world’s diverse cultures have their varying creation stories (Moyers and Campbell 1988; UGA 2000). Many of these stories contain physical features: the mountains, hills, plains, and rivers of their native lands that are integral components of cultural traditions (Berkes and others 2000; Goetcheus 2002; King 2003; Martin 2002; Parker 1993; Parker and King 1990; Smythe and York 2009; Stoffle and others 1997). Fire figures prominently in the traditions of most cultures, both in their beliefs and their practices (Lewis and Ferguson 1988; Stewart 2002; Williams 2001, http://www.wildlandfire....