Treesearch

Following a brief historical overview of the social indicators movement, outdoor recreation measures which can be considered as social indicators are discussed. Such indicators are largely derived from social surveys. Illustrative data from 53 such surveys are presented. Despite the availability of such data, there have been few attempts to adapt them as established indicators in the outdoor recreation field. Reasons for not considering the data as indicators are suggested. Finally, a number of parameters which might be used as social indicators in outdoor recreation in the 1980's are...

Here we outline important elements in recreation planning and describe how the process is changing, using Federal land management agencies as our example. We outline some factors that will impact on planning in the 80's, encourage establishment of a system to monitor trends in key factors that influence recreation behavior.

Rapidly rising sales of sporting equipment, as well as the phenomenal growth of receipts from a variety of recreation-oriented service industries, have contributed in establishing the recreation market as one of the most dynamic and fastest expanding sectors of the United States economy.

This paper utilizes available data sources to construct a picture of adjustment patterns in vacation/recreation travel with respect to both past and prospective fuel price/availability developments. The increases in fuel prices coupled with supply uncertainties that have occurred during the 1970's have strained the traditional vacation patterns of many American households. Changes in the location of outdoor recreation centers will follow as a consequence of the new travel patterns.

Peat cores, 45 cm in diameter, were collected from a sphagnum bog in northern Minnesota, and used to measure the effects of different temperatures and water levels on evaporation from a sphagnum moss surface in a growth chamber. Under all conditions, evaporation from the moss surface was greater than that from a free-water surface. Evaporation from the moss increased 92% as the temperature was raised from 9° to 25°C. The energy used in evaporation from the moss exceeded net radiation except at 9°C. Evaporation from the moss was less when the water level was at the surface of the...

The USDA Forest Service Standard Grades for Hardwood Factory Lumber Logs are described, and lumber grade yields for 16 species and 2 species groups are presented by log grade and log diameter. The grades enable foresters, log buyers, and log sellers to select and grade those log suitable for conversion into standard factory grade lumber. By using the apropriate lumber grade yields, log buyers and sellers can appraise the logs in terms of expected lumber grade volume and value. This report supersedes an earlier report on hardwood log grading, Forest Service Research Paper FPL 63.

Traditionally, in West Virginia, trees have been an integral and important part of the reclamation program. Moreover with the advent of Public Law 95-87, it certainly would appear that trees are destined to play increasingly diverse and important roles in the field of reclamation.

Trees are best suited for reclaiming stripped areas with a valuable product. Wildlife and forestry considerations should be the concern of operators, landowners, foresters, and wildlife biologists with an objective of returning the disturbed land to its most capable productivity. In West Virginia, trees are the most logical and realistic product of the land.

Ten years ago a typical Eastern U.S. reclamation project was pictured with a prominence of trees on a bench in front of a wall with little or no ground cover evident.

The most important considerations in revegetating reclaimed lands are soil pH, moisture availability, and the restoration of fertility and good nutrient cycling. Green ash, cottonwood, alder, Arnot bristly locust, and several conifers are used most in plantings. Emphasis is placed on the use of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizae to improve establishment and growth of trees.