Treesearch

Interest in sandalwood has increased recently in Nepal as a result of a royal directive to plant it in the Eastern Development Region. The most suitable seed sources, seed acquisition, nursery techniques, direct sowing and plantation establishment methods are discussed here on the basis of results from elsewhere. Suggestions are made as to what research is most needed to assist with successful establishment of sandalwood in Nepal. The silvicultural methods discussed could well be of use to other countries that are interested in introducing and establishing sandalwood plantations.

A basic sampling scheme is proposed to estimate the proportion of sampled units (Spotted Owl Habitat Areas (SOHAs) or randomly sampled 1000-acre polygon areas (RSAs)) occupied by spotted owl pairs. A bias adjustment for the possibility of missing a pair given its presence on a SOHA or RSA is suggested. The sampling scheme is based on a fixed number of visits to a sample unit (a SOHA or RSA) in which the occupancy is to be determined. Once occupancy is determined, or the maximum number of visits is reached, the sampling is completed for that unit. The resulting data are summarized as a set...

Sandalwood (Santalum album) has been part of Indian culture and heritage for thousands of years, and was one of the first items traded with other countries. The heartwood yields fragrant oil, which is used mainly in the perfume industry but also has medicinal properties. The wood is used for carving and manufacturing incense. Generally S. album is found in the dry deciduous forests of Deccan Plateau, mostly in the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, The evergreen tree regenerates naturally when conditions are favorable and has been spreading in its distribution. Lack of understanding of...

The State of Hawaii Department of Land & Natural Resources (DLNR) protects native species growing on State land, but has no official program funding for growing sandalwood. Part of the DLNR, the Division of Forestry and Wildlife forest and nursery managers maintain exuberant activity in attempting to establish their nursery stock of sandalwood in the field out of personal interest. Nursery and planting techniques are described.

The history of the genus Santalum (sandalwood) in Hawaii is reviewed, along with all the early reference regarding its botany and horticulture. This paper gives some seed germination and viability information on Santalum haleakalae Hbd. and S. paniculatum H. & A. both native to Hawaii and Santalum album L. native to Indonesia. Germination was shown to be highly variable: as early as 26 days after sowing for S. album, 75 days for S. paniculatum, and 155 days for S. haleakalae. Seed viability varied from 324 days in S. album, 387 days in S. haleakalae and 824 days in S. paniculatum. Germinati...

Adaptive radiation of Santalum in the Hawaiian archipelago has provided these remote islands with a number of endemic species and varieties. The prehistoric Polynesian inhabitants of Hawai'i utilized the sandalwood trees for many of the same traditional purposes as their South Pacific ancestors who had developed ethnobotanical relationships with Santalum. The ancient Hawaiians probably reduced the number and geographical distribution of sandal-wood trees significantly through their extensive cutting and burning, especially in the dry forest regions. Nevertheless, vast numbers of the...

Santalum paniculatum trade after more than a century was revived by the author in 1988. Revival of the trade has called attention to this resource, and the focus is now on management of this resource. A discussion about recent sandalwood logging and marketing activities in Hawai'i is presented. The author also points out various anomalies that may be related to habitat and land use variations. The obligatory parasitic nature of this species is questioned and the coppicing tendency is confirmed. Criteria are suggested concerning the harvesting and sales that minimize fragmentation of forest...

From its inception in 1805, when it contributed to Sydney merchant incomes from whaling ventures, until today, when it earns several million dollars in export revenue, the sandalwood industry has played a small but significant part in Australia's economic development. The history of the industry falls into three major stages: first is the off-shore exploitation of the wood from Sydney, from 1805 to the 1840's and beyond; second is the free exploitation of Australian grown sandalwood from 1844 to 1929; and finally the period of government controlled exploitation from 1929 to the present.

The current status of the conservation and management of Santalum spicatum in Western Australia and S. album in East Indonesia is outlined. Natural and artificial regeneration techniques for both species in selected areas are discussed. The present Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research program on S. album in Nasa Tenggara Timur is described in relation to the management needs of the species in that province. In S. spicatum, research on silviculture is essentially complete, and interest is now focused on the marketability of the kernels for human consumption.

Santalum lanceolatum, the commercial species of sandalwood harvested in Queensland, was worth $4.2 million in export earnings in 1988. The ecology of the species in natural forests is summarized, and information on seedling regeneration and coppice and root suckering strategies is provided. Stand characteristics and size class distribution in two different environments in northwest Queensland are provided. It is important to manage the resource for conservation. The harvesting guidelines, pricing criteria, and procedures are discussed along with information on heartwood recovery and...