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China’s unprecedented forest-based ecological engineering programs over the past several decades present a unique opportunity to understand forest-water interactions at a large scale. This review synthesizes advances of forest hydrological studies in China in the context of dramatic forest cover recovery, hydrologic change, and a shift in land management policy. We review current monitoring networks and research tools and key ecohydrological processes influenced by massive national forestation, including increases in evapotranspiration and carbon sequestration, decline in total water...

This indicator provides information on the population status of selected forest-associated species that are considered to reflect the genetic diversity present in forest ecosystems. Some forest species support or rely heavily on particular forest structures, patterns, associations, and processes and can therefore be used to describe the status of genetic diversity in forests as a whole.This indicator uses population trends of selected bird and tree species as a surrogate measure of genetic diversity. Population decreases, especially associated with small populations, can lead to decreases...

Remotely sensed data play a vital role providing auxiliary variables that can improve precision of sample-based estimates without incurring the substantial cost of increasing sample size. In the setting of design-based inference, model-assisted estimators using generalized regression models provide a practical option to exploit such auxiliary variables to obtain estimates with smaller uncertainties than the Horvitz-Thompson (HT) estimator. Spatial heterogeneity is one of the main characteristics of spatial geographical populations and spatial nonstationarity in regression model parameters...

As a forest landowner, you may think about Federal income taxes only when you sell timber. However, many of your forestry activities can have tax implications. Understanding the forest related tax rules and integrating tax planning into your forest management decisions can help increase your after-tax return. New legislation enacted in 2025 reinstates and makes permanent several tax provisions affecting forest landowners and adds new incentives for capital investment. Although many key provisions take effect starting in 2026, some are already effective for the 2025 tax year. This publicatio...

Forest ecosystems in the eastern United States are undergoing significant compositional and demographic shifts. To understand these changes, we used Forest Inventory and Analysis data (2003–2021) to examine landscape-scale trends in the North Carolina Piedmont, focusing on forest type groups, taxonomic family, and species. We assessed metrics such as annual net primary productivity, relative density, and biodiversity, aiming to determine: (i) which forest group types are changing most, (ii) whether these changes extend to higher taxonomic units, and (iii) how stability has shifted over...

This indicator reports the area and percentage of U.S. forests that are used for subsistence activities. In the United States, subsistence rights are codified through Federal laws, State constitutions, and Federal treaties with Tribal Nations and Canada. These bodies of legislation protect subsistence rights in Alaska, the Pacific Northwest (States of Washington and Oregon), Hawaii, and the Great Lakes region (States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan), which are the focus of this analysis. More specifically, Alaska and Hawaii are the only States to codify in their constitutions the...

This chapter provides an overview and comparisons of the precipitation intensity–duration–frequency (PIDF) and flood (FFRQ) and low-flow (LFRQ) frequencies for return intervals of 25 years or more at ten relatively undisturbed reference watersheds in the US Forest Service Experimental Forest (EF) network. We demonstrate potential effects of recent climate change on the PIDFs, FFRQ and LFRQ developed with high-resolution temporal data at these ten sites with widely contrasting hydrogeological, topographical, climatic and ecological characteristics. Similarly, we evaluate the on-site-based...

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program provides this resource update yearly as an overview of forest resources in Oklahoma. These estimates are derived from field data collected across a systematic network of fixed-radius forest monitoring plots located on both public and private land. New updates are provided annually as a subset of plots within the State are remeasured. Each year, field crews visit and measure a subset of all FIA plots across the entire State (the size of the subset varies by State and year). Combining all...

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program provides this resource update yearly as an overview of forest resources in Texas. These estimates are derived from field data collected across a systematic network of fixed-radius forest monitoring plots located on both public and private land. New updates are provided annually as a subset of plots within the State are remeasured. Each year, field crews visit and measure a subset of all FIA plots across the entire State (the size of the subset varies by State and year). Combining all the...

Prescribed fire has emerged as an essential ecosystem management practice for maintaining forest health and mitigating wildfire risks. However, its spatio-temporal patterns and potential impacts on water quantity and quality remain poorly understood compared to those of wildfires. By analyzing the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity database (1984–2022), we characterized distinct regional, seasonal and interannual dynamics of large prescribed fires relative to wildfires across the conterminous United States. We found the Southeast dominated the national prescribed fire regime, accounting...