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Kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka lacustrine sockeye salmon) spawned in groundwater upwelling in the North Fork of the Payette River, Idaho. Intragravel water temperatures in groundwater-influenced redds exceeded surface flow water temperature by 2.4–2.6°C. In redds without groundwater influence, intragravel and water column temperatures did not differ by more than 0.2°C. Although redds constructed in upwelling sites contained significantly more fine sediments (

We used radiotelemetry and underwater observation to assess fall and winter movements and habitat use by bull trout Salvelinus confluentus and westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi in two headwater streams in the Bitterroot River drainage, Montana, that varied markedly in habitat availability and stream ice conditions. Bull trout and cutthroat trout made extensive (>1 km) downstream overwintering movements with declining temperature in the fall. Most fish remained stationary for the remainder of the study (until late February), but some fish made additional downstream...

This document describes the Landtype Associations that have been developed for National Forest land in the Northern Region. Map units were delineated at a scale of 1:100,000 and are differentiated by dominant categories of landforms and geologic materials. Descriptions of the seventy one Landtype Associations were prepared for the nineteen Sections that occur in Region 1 using the National Hierarchy of Ecological Units. A total of 40,392,207 acres were mapped. Examples of applications using landtype associations are also presented. These landtype associations were developed primarily for...

This conference brought together scientists and resource managers from government, universities, and private organizations in the United States and Mexico. In a continuing international forum, participants exchanged information on existing or potential cooperative projects, agency functions and programs, and issues were concerning natural and cultural resource management in the border states. The sessions addressed: ecotourism, recreation and partnerships, wildlife biology and management, wetlands and watersheds, flora and vegetation, environmental education, cultural resources; water...

This publication reviews both published and unpublished sources on Puebloan, Hispanic, and AngloAmerican irrigation systems in the Rio Grande Valley. Settlement patterns and Spanish and Mexican land grants in the valley are also discussed. The volume includes an annotated bibliography.

The Beaver Creek experimental watershed, located in north-central Arizona, was established in 1956 in response to public concerns that the flow of streams and the amount of livestock forage on watersheds in the Salt-Verde River Basins were being reduced by increasing densities of ponderosa pine saplings and pinyon-juniper trees. Natural resource responses to the manipulation of ponderosa pine forests by various silvicultural treatments and by conversion techniques of pinyon-juniper woodlands to herbaceous covers were determined. Results of studies have shown that changes in vegetation...

We present the history of land use and historic vegetation conditions on the Sacramento Ranger District of the Lincoln National Forest within the framework of an ecosystem needs assessment. We reconstruct forest vegetation conditions and ecosystem processes for the period immediately before Anglo-American settlement using General Land Office survey records, historic studies and accounts, and reconstructive studies such as dendrochronological histories of fire and insect outbreak and studies of old growth. Intensive grazing, clearcut logging, fire suppression, and agriculture in riparian...

Miller Creek, on the Flathead National Forest in northwestern Montana, is a demonstration forest, showing up to 30 years of forest change. This teachers supplement to the educational field guide (Miller Creek Demonstration Forest - a forest born of fire: a field guide; Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-7, 1998) outlines eight field and classroom activities that teach students a wide range of ecological processes and principles. Included are instructions for teachers, instructions and demonstrations for students, and reproducible worksheets.

Atriplex is a widespread genus with species dispersed over almost all continents. Many taxa within this genus perform outstandingly under a variety of stress conditions and are often an important source of forage for herbivores. Such attributes have drawn the attention of many researchers who have conducted extensive studies on Atriplex across a wide variety of environments and management scenarios. This report reviews much of the literature dealing with aspects of the biology of Atriplex from an animal-plant interaction perspective.

This conference was designed to provide a non-confrontational setting for a variety of people from differing viewpoints to discuss the threats facing arid grasslands of the Southwest. Participants included ranchers and other private economists, scientists, and students. The sessions were organized around the major themes of understanding grasslands, identifying grassland issues, managing grasslands, and seeking solutions to grassland issues. Many of the sessions were in the form of panel discussions or informal presentations.